Adolf Joffe - Revision history

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	[[File:Adolf Joffe 1.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|300px\|Adolf Abramovich Joffe negociated [[Brest-Litovsk Treaty in 1918]], he was Soviet ambassador in [[Berlin]]]]		[[File:Adolf Joffe 1.png\|thumb\|300px\|Adolf Abramovich Joffe negociated [[Brest-Litovsk Treaty in 1918]], he was Soviet ambassador in [[Berlin]]]]
	'''Adolf Abramovich Joffe''' ({{lang-ru\|Адо́льф Абра́мович Ио́ффе}}, alternative transliterations '''Adolf Ioffe''' or, rarely, '''Yoffe'''; b. 10 October 1883 in [[Simferopol]]; d. 16 November 1927 in [[Moscow]]) was a jewish [[Communist]] [[revolutionary]], a [[Bolshevik]] [[politician]] and a [[Soviet Union\|Soviet]] [[diplomat]].		'''Adolf Abramovich Joffe''' ({{lang-ru\|Адо́льф Абра́мович Ио́ффе}}, alternative transliterations '''Adolf Ioffe''' or, rarely, '''Yoffe'''; b. 10 October 1883 in [[Simferopol]]; d. 16 November 1927 in [[Moscow]]) was a jewish [[Communist]] [[revolutionary]], a [[Bolshevik]] [[politician]] and a [[Soviet Union\|Soviet]] [[diplomat]].

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	[[File:Adolf Joffe 1.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Adolf Abramovich Joffe negociated [[Brest-Litovsk Treaty in 1918]], he was Soviet ambassador in [[Berlin]]]]		[[File:Adolf Joffe 1.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Adolf Abramovich Joffe negociated [[Brest-Litovsk Treaty in 1918]], he was Soviet ambassador in [[Berlin]]]]
	'''Adolf Abramovich Joffe''' ({{lang-ru\|Адо́льф Абра́мович Ио́ффе}}, alternative transliterations '''Adolf Ioffe''' or, rarely, '''Yoffe'''; b. 10 October 1883 in [[Simferopol]]; d. 16 November 1927 in [[Moscow]]) was a ~~Jewish~~ [[Communist]] [[revolutionary]], a [[Bolshevik]] [[politician]] and a [[Soviet Union\|Soviet]] [[diplomat]].		'''Adolf Abramovich Joffe''' ({{lang-ru\|Адо́льф Абра́мович Ио́ффе}}, alternative transliterations '''Adolf Ioffe''' or, rarely, '''Yoffe'''; b. 10 October 1883 in [[Simferopol]]; d. 16 November 1927 in [[Moscow]]) was a jewish [[Communist]] [[revolutionary]], a [[Bolshevik]] [[politician]] and a [[Soviet Union\|Soviet]] [[diplomat]].

	==Biography==		==Biography==
	===Revolutionary career===		===Revolutionary career===
	Joffe was born in [[Simferopol]], [[Crimea]], [[Russian Empire]] in a wealthy [[Karaite Judaism\|Karaite ~~Jewish~~]] family.<ref name="karaite">See Albert S. Lindemann. ''Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the ~~Jews~~'', Cambridge University Press, 1997; pg. 430.</ref><ref>''Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Germany: Adolf Joffe, Vladimir Dekanozov, Nikolai Krestinsky, Konstantin Yurenev, Voldemar Aussem'', LLC Books, 2010.</ref> He became a social democrat in 1900 while still in secondary school, formally joining the [[Russian Social Democratic Labor Party]] in 1903. In 1904 Joffe was sent to [[Baku]], which he had to flee to avoid arrest by the Tsarist police. He was then sent to [[Moscow]], but again had to flee, this time abroad. After the events of Bloody Sunday on January 9, 1905, Joffe returned to Russia and took an active part in the [[Russian Revolution of 1905]]. In early 1906 he was forced to flee again, this time to [[Berlin]] until the German's also expelled him in May 1906.		Joffe was born in [[Simferopol]], [[Crimea]], [[Russian Empire]] in a wealthy [[Karaite Judaism\|Karaite jewish]] family.<ref name="karaite">See Albert S. Lindemann. ''Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the jews'', Cambridge University Press, 1997; pg. 430.</ref><ref>''Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Germany: Adolf Joffe, Vladimir Dekanozov, Nikolai Krestinsky, Konstantin Yurenev, Voldemar Aussem'', LLC Books, 2010.</ref> He became a social democrat in 1900 while still in secondary school, formally joining the [[Russian Social Democratic Labor Party]] in 1903. In 1904 Joffe was sent to [[Baku]], which he had to flee to avoid arrest by the Tsarist police. He was then sent to [[Moscow]], but again had to flee, this time abroad. After the events of Bloody Sunday on January 9, 1905, Joffe returned to Russia and took an active part in the [[Russian Revolution of 1905]]. In early 1906 he was forced to flee again, this time to [[Berlin]] until the German's also expelled him in May 1906.

	In Russia, Joffe was close to the [[Menshevik]] faction within the Russian Social Democratic Party. However, after moving to [[Vienna]] in May 1906, he became close to [[Leon Trotsky]]'s position and helped Trotsky edit ''[[Pravda]]'' from 1908 to 1912 while studying [[medicine]], and with [[Alfred Adler]], [[psychoanalysis]].<ref name="psychoanalysis">See Chapter XVII of Leon Trotsky's [http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch17.htm 'My Life']</ref> He also used his family's fortune to support ''Pravda'' financially. During the course of his underground revolutionary activity Joffe adopted the [[pseudonym\|party name]] "V. Krymsky," the surname meaning "The Crimean."<ref>Nadezhda A. Joffe, ''Back in Time: My Life, My Fate, My Epoch: The Memoirs of Nadezhda A. Joffe.'' Frederick S. Choate, trans. Oak Park, MI: Labor Publications, 1995; pg. 3.</ref>		In Russia, Joffe was close to the [[Menshevik]] faction within the Russian Social Democratic Party. However, after moving to [[Vienna]] in May 1906, he became close to [[Leon Trotsky]]'s position and helped Trotsky edit ''[[Pravda]]'' from 1908 to 1912 while studying [[medicine]], and with [[Alfred Adler]], [[psychoanalysis]].<ref name="psychoanalysis">See Chapter XVII of Leon Trotsky's [http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch17.htm 'My Life']</ref> He also used his family's fortune to support ''Pravda'' financially. During the course of his underground revolutionary activity Joffe adopted the [[pseudonym\|party name]] "V. Krymsky," the surname meaning "The Crimean."<ref>Nadezhda A. Joffe, ''Back in Time: My Life, My Fate, My Epoch: The Memoirs of Nadezhda A. Joffe.'' Frederick S. Choate, trans. Oak Park, MI: Labor Publications, 1995; pg. 3.</ref>
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	Although Joffe had signed a ceasefire agreement with the [[Central Powers]] on December 2, 1917, he supported Trotsky in the latter's refusal to sign a permanent peace treaty in February. Once the [[Bolshevik]] Central Committee decided to sign the Treaty of [[Brest-Litovsk]] on February 23, 1918, Joffe remained a member of the Soviet delegation only under protest and in a purely consultative capacity. Remembering Joffe's presence with the Bolshevik delegation at Brest-Litovsk, [[Count Ottokar Czernin]], the Austro-Hungarians' representative would later write:		Although Joffe had signed a ceasefire agreement with the [[Central Powers]] on December 2, 1917, he supported Trotsky in the latter's refusal to sign a permanent peace treaty in February. Once the [[Bolshevik]] Central Committee decided to sign the Treaty of [[Brest-Litovsk]] on February 23, 1918, Joffe remained a member of the Soviet delegation only under protest and in a purely consultative capacity. Remembering Joffe's presence with the Bolshevik delegation at Brest-Litovsk, [[Count Ottokar Czernin]], the Austro-Hungarians' representative would later write:

	: ''The leader of the Russian delegation is a ~~Jew~~, named Joffe, who has recently been released from Siberia [...] after the meal I had a first conversation with Mr. Joffe. His whole theory is simply based on the universal application of the right of self-governance of nations in the broadest form. The thus liberated nations then have to be brought to love each other [...] I advised him that we would not attempt to imitate the Russian example and that we likewise would not tolerate a meddling in our internal affairs. If he continued to hold on his utopic viewpoints the peace would not be possible and then he would be well advised just to take the journey back with the next train. Mr. Joffe looked astonishedly at me with his gentle eyes and was silent for a while. Then he continued in a - for me, ever unforgettable - friendly, or I would even nearly say suppliant, tone: 'I very much hope that we will also be able to raise the revolution in your country...'''<ref>Czernin von und zu Chudenitz, Ottokar Theobald Otto Maria (1920). ''In the World War''. New York and London: Harper & Brothers. ''Internet Archive''. Retrieved 28 Feb. 2009. https://archive.org/stream/inworldwar00czer/inworldwar00czer_djvu.txt</ref>		: ''The leader of the Russian delegation is a jew, named Joffe, who has recently been released from Siberia [...] after the meal I had a first conversation with Mr. Joffe. His whole theory is simply based on the universal application of the right of self-governance of nations in the broadest form. The thus liberated nations then have to be brought to love each other [...] I advised him that we would not attempt to imitate the Russian example and that we likewise would not tolerate a meddling in our internal affairs. If he continued to hold on his utopic viewpoints the peace would not be possible and then he would be well advised just to take the journey back with the next train. Mr. Joffe looked astonishedly at me with his gentle eyes and was silent for a while. Then he continued in a - for me, ever unforgettable - friendly, or I would even nearly say suppliant, tone: 'I very much hope that we will also be able to raise the revolution in your country...'''<ref>Czernin von und zu Chudenitz, Ottokar Theobald Otto Maria (1920). ''In the World War''. New York and London: Harper & Brothers. ''Internet Archive''. Retrieved 28 Feb. 2009. https://archive.org/stream/inworldwar00czer/inworldwar00czer_djvu.txt</ref>

	At the [[7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\|VIIth Extraordinary Congress of the Bolshevik Party]] between March 6 and March 8, 1918, Joffe was re-elected to the Central Committee, but only as a candidate (non-voting) member. He remained in Petrograd when the Soviet government moved to Moscow later in March and worked as a member of the Petrograd Bureau of the Central Committee until he was appointed Soviet representative to Germany in April. He signed the Soviet-German Supplementary Treaty on August 27, 1918. On November 6, 1918, literally days before the [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)\|Armistice]] and the [[German Revolution]], the Soviet delegation in [[Berlin]] headed by Joffe was expelled from the country on charges of preparing a Communist uprising in Germany.		At the [[7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\|VIIth Extraordinary Congress of the Bolshevik Party]] between March 6 and March 8, 1918, Joffe was re-elected to the Central Committee, but only as a candidate (non-voting) member. He remained in Petrograd when the Soviet government moved to Moscow later in March and worked as a member of the Petrograd Bureau of the Central Committee until he was appointed Soviet representative to Germany in April. He signed the Soviet-German Supplementary Treaty on August 27, 1918. On November 6, 1918, literally days before the [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)\|Armistice]] and the [[German Revolution]], the Soviet delegation in [[Berlin]] headed by Joffe was expelled from the country on charges of preparing a Communist uprising in Germany.

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	~~[[Category:Jews in Russia]]~~
	[[Category:Bolsheviks]]		[[Category:Bolsheviks]]
	[[Category:Communists]]		[[Category:Communists]]
	[[Category:Ambassadors]]		[[Category:Ambassadors]]
	[[Category:Diplomats]]		[[Category:Diplomats]]

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	===1917 Revolution===		===1917 Revolution===
	In 1917, Joffe, freed from the Siberian exile by the [[February Revolution]], returned to the Crimea. Crimean social democrats then sent him to the capital, [[Petrograd]], to represent them, but he soon moved to an ~~internationalist~~ revolutionary position, which made it impossible for him to remain in an organization dominated by less radical Mensheviks. Instead, he joined forces with Trotsky, a [[Bolshevik]], who had just returned from abroad.		In 1917, Joffe, freed from the Siberian exile by the [[February Revolution]], returned to the Crimea. Crimean social democrats then sent him to the capital, [[Petrograd]], to represent them, but he soon moved to an interfascist revolutionary position, which made it impossible for him to remain in an organization dominated by less radical Mensheviks. Instead, he joined forces with Trotsky, a [[Bolshevik]], who had just returned from abroad.

	In May 1917, Joffe and Trotsky temporarily joined [[Mezhraiontsy]] who merged with the [[Bolshevik]]s at the [[6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)\|VIth Bolshevik Party Congress]] held between 26 July (all dates are [[Old Style and New Style dates\|Old Style]] until February 1918) and 3 August 1917. At the Congress, Joffe was elected a candidate (non-voting) member of the Central Committee, but two days later, on August 5, the Central Committee, some of whose members were in prison, in hiding or lived far from Petrograd and couldn't attend its meetings, made Joffe a member of its permanent ("narrow") bureau. On August 6, Joffe was made an alternate member of the [[Secretariat of the CPSU Central Committee\|Central Committee Secretariat]] and on August 20 made a member of the editorial board of the Bolshevik newspaper ''[[Pravda]]'' which was then temporarily called ''Proletary'' (''Proletarian'') for legal reasons.		In May 1917, Joffe and Trotsky temporarily joined [[Mezhraiontsy]] who merged with the [[Bolshevik]]s at the [[6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)\|VIth Bolshevik Party Congress]] held between 26 July (all dates are [[Old Style and New Style dates\|Old Style]] until February 1918) and 3 August 1917. At the Congress, Joffe was elected a candidate (non-voting) member of the Central Committee, but two days later, on August 5, the Central Committee, some of whose members were in prison, in hiding or lived far from Petrograd and couldn't attend its meetings, made Joffe a member of its permanent ("narrow") bureau. On August 6, Joffe was made an alternate member of the [[Secretariat of the CPSU Central Committee\|Central Committee Secretariat]] and on August 20 made a member of the editorial board of the Bolshevik newspaper ''[[Pravda]]'' which was then temporarily called ''Proletary'' (''Proletarian'') for legal reasons.

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	==References==		==References==
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