𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "nationalist" to "fascist"

2024-02-15T18:46:42Z

Text replacement - "nationalist" to "fascist"

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Danzig - Revision history

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𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "nationalist" to "fascist"

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "\[\[Category(.)German(.)\]\]" to ""

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Category:World War II" to "Category:WWAC"

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	[[File:Teutonic Order.png\|thumb\|250px\|[[Teutonic Knight]]]]		[[File:Teutonic Order.png\|thumb\|250px\|[[Teutonic Knight]]]]
	[[File:Danzig High Gate 1894.png\|250px\|thumb\|right\|Danzig High Gate erected in the 1300s (with later additions).]]		[[File:Danzig High Gate 1894.png\|250px\|thumb\|right\|Danzig High Gate erected in the 1300s (with later additions).]]
	Some stability returned in 1301 when Danzig was occupied in turn by the [[Teutonic Knights]] and formerly admitted to their territory in 1308. Contrary to the claims of Polish ~~nationalist~~ writers the Knights did not destroy the city, nor massacre the inhabitants, which the Keeper of the Danzig Archives in 1920, Dr.Kaufmann, called "a sinister legend invented by the enemies of the Order", and the city developed in a purely German direction.<ref>Martel, 1930, p.121.</ref> Their rule over Danzig continued until 1454, and their "great civilising accomplishments and marked advances in communications and agriculture, building roads and canals, the draining of land, and the construction of a modern port at Danzig" are on record. During this period numerous immigrants from western and central Germany continued to arrive and settle in the city, which around 1300 had a population of between 1500 and 2000. After 1350 immigration became increasingly heavy with as many as 300 people per annum being granted citizenship. The annual average for 1364-1399 was 175. Interestingly, a number of these immigrants were from [[Scotland]], and Danzig's outer suburb of Alt Schottland reflected this. By the end of this century between 30 to 45 per cent of the city's inhabitants were between the ages of 20 and 40 years. To their energy was due the first period of Danzig's boom and prosperity when Danzig's trade, imports and exports, rapidly developed from places as far distant as [[Lemberg]], the Carpathians, [[Lithuania]], Poland, [[Bohemia]], to England & [[Spain]].<ref>Mason, 1946, p.16-21.</ref>		Some stability returned in 1301 when Danzig was occupied in turn by the [[Teutonic Knights]] and formerly admitted to their territory in 1308. Contrary to the claims of Polish fascist writers the Knights did not destroy the city, nor massacre the inhabitants, which the Keeper of the Danzig Archives in 1920, Dr.Kaufmann, called "a sinister legend invented by the enemies of the Order", and the city developed in a purely German direction.<ref>Martel, 1930, p.121.</ref> Their rule over Danzig continued until 1454, and their "great civilising accomplishments and marked advances in communications and agriculture, building roads and canals, the draining of land, and the construction of a modern port at Danzig" are on record. During this period numerous immigrants from western and central Germany continued to arrive and settle in the city, which around 1300 had a population of between 1500 and 2000. After 1350 immigration became increasingly heavy with as many as 300 people per annum being granted citizenship. The annual average for 1364-1399 was 175. Interestingly, a number of these immigrants were from [[Scotland]], and Danzig's outer suburb of Alt Schottland reflected this. By the end of this century between 30 to 45 per cent of the city's inhabitants were between the ages of 20 and 40 years. To their energy was due the first period of Danzig's boom and prosperity when Danzig's trade, imports and exports, rapidly developed from places as far distant as [[Lemberg]], the Carpathians, [[Lithuania]], Poland, [[Bohemia]], to England & [[Spain]].<ref>Mason, 1946, p.16-21.</ref>

	===Hanseatic League===		===Hanseatic League===
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	[[File:Postage stamps Free City Danzig.png\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Postage stamps "Free City Danzig"]]		[[File:Postage stamps Free City Danzig.png\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Postage stamps "Free City Danzig"]]
	[[File:Germany Danzig One Guilden 1932.png\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Free City of Danzig - One Gulden coin, 1932]]		[[File:Germany Danzig One Guilden 1932.png\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Free City of Danzig - One Gulden coin, 1932]]
	At the 1919 [[Treaty of Versailles\|Paris Peace Conference]], and notwithstanding that as an independent state Poland played no part in The Great War, fanatical Polish ~~nationalists~~ arrived on the scene led by the exile Roman Dmowski. They dreamt of the resurrection of a fantasy Poland, which included [[Lithuania]] and numerous other lands which they had at various times conquered, often for short periods. Poland had been a country which for the past 1000 years had ever-changing borders. Upon what were these new borders to be based? The Poles in America disagreed as heartily among themselves as did those in Europe. However, the expat Poles had allies in the form of Colonel Edward House and his President, [[Woodrow Wilson]]. Britain’s Prime Minister [[David Lloyd George]], in a speech in January 1918 stated that he supported "an independent Poland, comprising all those genuinely Polish elements." Then came Wilson’s infamous '14 Points', the 13th being "an independent Polish State should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputable Polish populations and which should have a free and secure access to the sea" notwithstanding that Poles were not seafarers<ref>Kimmich, 1968, p.7, citing Lloyd George.</ref> and that historically Poland had never possessed a seaport in their own right. Moreover, the Allies at the same time were denying a "free and secure access to the sea" for both Austria and Hungary, something they had for 800 years at least, the Austrians being renowned seafarers. Many countries are landlocked and they all trade internationally. Poland had traditionally imported and exported through Danzig, Koenigsberg, [[Memel]] and [[Libau]] without hinderance. The conclusion of the 'American Inquiry on War Aims and Peace Terms' made early in January 1918, nevertheless concluded that "the subject of Poland is by far the most complex of all problems to be considered. The present distribution of Poles is such as to make their complete unification impossible. This is probably not within the bounds of practical politics." <ref>Baker, Raymond Stannard,''Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement'', New York, 1922, vol.1, pps:58 & 108-9.</ref> David Hunter Miller, of the US State Department, later Technical Advisor at the Peace Conference, pointed out in a memorandum dated July 31, 1918, that Poland could be given territorial access to the sea through Polish territory extending along the Baltic, but not including '''the distinctly German port of Danzig'''.<ref>Miller, David Hunter,''My Diary at the Conference of Paris with Documents'', 1924, vol.ii, pps>440-1.</ref>		At the 1919 [[Treaty of Versailles\|Paris Peace Conference]], and notwithstanding that as an independent state Poland played no part in The Great War, fanatical Polish fascists arrived on the scene led by the exile Roman Dmowski. They dreamt of the resurrection of a fantasy Poland, which included [[Lithuania]] and numerous other lands which they had at various times conquered, often for short periods. Poland had been a country which for the past 1000 years had ever-changing borders. Upon what were these new borders to be based? The Poles in America disagreed as heartily among themselves as did those in Europe. However, the expat Poles had allies in the form of Colonel Edward House and his President, [[Woodrow Wilson]]. Britain’s Prime Minister [[David Lloyd George]], in a speech in January 1918 stated that he supported "an independent Poland, comprising all those genuinely Polish elements." Then came Wilson’s infamous '14 Points', the 13th being "an independent Polish State should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputable Polish populations and which should have a free and secure access to the sea" notwithstanding that Poles were not seafarers<ref>Kimmich, 1968, p.7, citing Lloyd George.</ref> and that historically Poland had never possessed a seaport in their own right. Moreover, the Allies at the same time were denying a "free and secure access to the sea" for both Austria and Hungary, something they had for 800 years at least, the Austrians being renowned seafarers. Many countries are landlocked and they all trade internationally. Poland had traditionally imported and exported through Danzig, Koenigsberg, [[Memel]] and [[Libau]] without hinderance. The conclusion of the 'American Inquiry on War Aims and Peace Terms' made early in January 1918, nevertheless concluded that "the subject of Poland is by far the most complex of all problems to be considered. The present distribution of Poles is such as to make their complete unification impossible. This is probably not within the bounds of practical politics." <ref>Baker, Raymond Stannard,''Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement'', New York, 1922, vol.1, pps:58 & 108-9.</ref> David Hunter Miller, of the US State Department, later Technical Advisor at the Peace Conference, pointed out in a memorandum dated July 31, 1918, that Poland could be given territorial access to the sea through Polish territory extending along the Baltic, but not including '''the distinctly German port of Danzig'''.<ref>Miller, David Hunter,''My Diary at the Conference of Paris with Documents'', 1924, vol.ii, pps>440-1.</ref>

	In September 1918 Dmowski and the pianist [[Ignace Paderewski]] had a private meeting with President Wilson following which the President stated that he did not favour "the extreme Polish claims to Danzig" and that "the ~~nationalistic~~ desires of a particular people could not always be fully satisfied."<ref>Miller, 1924, vol.1, p.75-8.</ref> Dmowski spoke for over five hours at the Peace Conference articulating all the old Polish fantasies, and arguing for a full restitution of Poland of "indisputably Polish territory" as it had [not] been in 1772, some 282,000 square miles which included [[Lithuania]] and Danzig (notwithstanding’s Danzig’s special [[autonomous]] status up to 1772). [[Harvard University]]’s "very pro-Polish"<ref>Miller, 1924, vol.1, p.289.</ref> Professor Robert H. Lord, a 'specialist' in Polish history, and Chief of the Polish Division of the American Peace Commission, however, admitted that "Poles can scarcely have formed more than 50% of the population at most" in the territories of 1772. The British Foreign Office warned in December 1918 that "for the sake of Poland's own future we must firmly oppose exaggerated Polish claims."<ref>Nelson, 1963, p.98.</ref> Dmowski continued with his efforts and on February 23, 1919 pro-Polish [[Georges Clemenceau\|Clemenceau]] made it clear that he wanted Danzig assigned to Poland. However Britain opposed this and Lloyd George’s attitude (prophetically) was now that Poland was "more a liability than an asset".<ref>Mason, 1946, p.46.</ref> The first report of the Polish Commission was completed on March 12, 1919 and submitted to the Supreme Council. It immediately ran into stormy weather. It recommended that Danzig should be given to Poland on the sole grounds that "Danzig was the natural port of Poland". Yet Danzig had never been Polish, apart from the Royal [[Protectorate]] at the city’s request, and its population was almost entirely German. This was clearly not what Wilson’s 13th point said. Moreover his 5th point stated: "strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable government whose title is to be determined." Clearly this was being ignored. Professor Lord weighed in by saying that the mouth of Poland’s greatest river should be in their hands. Yet the mouth of the [[Rhine]], Germany’s greatest river, is [[Rotterdam]]. Should Rotterdam be in German hands? Moreover, with railways there were any number of ports available to Poland, which had used German ports without hinderance for centuries.		In September 1918 Dmowski and the pianist [[Ignace Paderewski]] had a private meeting with President Wilson following which the President stated that he did not favour "the extreme Polish claims to Danzig" and that "the fascistic desires of a particular people could not always be fully satisfied."<ref>Miller, 1924, vol.1, p.75-8.</ref> Dmowski spoke for over five hours at the Peace Conference articulating all the old Polish fantasies, and arguing for a full restitution of Poland of "indisputably Polish territory" as it had [not] been in 1772, some 282,000 square miles which included [[Lithuania]] and Danzig (notwithstanding’s Danzig’s special [[autonomous]] status up to 1772). [[Harvard University]]’s "very pro-Polish"<ref>Miller, 1924, vol.1, p.289.</ref> Professor Robert H. Lord, a 'specialist' in Polish history, and Chief of the Polish Division of the American Peace Commission, however, admitted that "Poles can scarcely have formed more than 50% of the population at most" in the territories of 1772. The British Foreign Office warned in December 1918 that "for the sake of Poland's own future we must firmly oppose exaggerated Polish claims."<ref>Nelson, 1963, p.98.</ref> Dmowski continued with his efforts and on February 23, 1919 pro-Polish [[Georges Clemenceau\|Clemenceau]] made it clear that he wanted Danzig assigned to Poland. However Britain opposed this and Lloyd George’s attitude (prophetically) was now that Poland was "more a liability than an asset".<ref>Mason, 1946, p.46.</ref> The first report of the Polish Commission was completed on March 12, 1919 and submitted to the Supreme Council. It immediately ran into stormy weather. It recommended that Danzig should be given to Poland on the sole grounds that "Danzig was the natural port of Poland". Yet Danzig had never been Polish, apart from the Royal [[Protectorate]] at the city’s request, and its population was almost entirely German. This was clearly not what Wilson’s 13th point said. Moreover his 5th point stated: "strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable government whose title is to be determined." Clearly this was being ignored. Professor Lord weighed in by saying that the mouth of Poland’s greatest river should be in their hands. Yet the mouth of the [[Rhine]], Germany’s greatest river, is [[Rotterdam]]. Should Rotterdam be in German hands? Moreover, with railways there were any number of ports available to Poland, which had used German ports without hinderance for centuries.

	Britain's Lloyd George raised multiple objections: "the Poles do not have high reputations as administrators.........in the Danzig district alone there are 412,000 Germans. Is it necessary to assign so much German territory and the port of Danzig to Poland? Is the Commission proposing to define the frontiers finally on ''ex-parte'' submissions alone? The other side has not been heard!" Lloyd George added that the Commission’s conclusions departed from the principles of Wilson’s 14 points and that Britain could not sign up to this. The Commission agreed to revisit the issue. However on April 5, Lloyd George and Wilson came to the conclusion that Danzig and its hinterlands should become a Free City.<ref>Martel, 1930, p.49-50.</ref> Wilson said that with regard to the former German railways, "so far as the independent Danzig was concerned the map could be drawn so that it would never be of much use to Germany." The American ‘experts’ drafted the Danzig articles which were accepted by the Supreme Council on April, 22.<ref>Miller, 1924, pps: 208-9 & 256.</ref> At no time were the population of Danzig and its environs consulted in any way on this issue by the so-called 'democratic' nations.		Britain's Lloyd George raised multiple objections: "the Poles do not have high reputations as administrators.........in the Danzig district alone there are 412,000 Germans. Is it necessary to assign so much German territory and the port of Danzig to Poland? Is the Commission proposing to define the frontiers finally on ''ex-parte'' submissions alone? The other side has not been heard!" Lloyd George added that the Commission’s conclusions departed from the principles of Wilson’s 14 points and that Britain could not sign up to this. The Commission agreed to revisit the issue. However on April 5, Lloyd George and Wilson came to the conclusion that Danzig and its hinterlands should become a Free City.<ref>Martel, 1930, p.49-50.</ref> Wilson said that with regard to the former German railways, "so far as the independent Danzig was concerned the map could be drawn so that it would never be of much use to Germany." The American ‘experts’ drafted the Danzig articles which were accepted by the Supreme Council on April, 22.<ref>Miller, 1924, pps: 208-9 & 256.</ref> At no time were the population of Danzig and its environs consulted in any way on this issue by the so-called 'democratic' nations.
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	A ''strong protest'' was registered in the German ''Comments on the Allied Terms of Peace'' arguing that Danzig was a "purely German city" and that "even the Poles do not seriously deny it has always been German in character". The Germans demanded that Danzig and its environs remain within the German State. In addition the Germans offered to grant Poland extensive rights in Memel, Konigsberg, Stettin and Danzig and to conclude a special agreement concerning Poland’s use of [German] railroads leading to these ports. Furthermore, the German Government was prepared to place at the disposal of the Poles for free use and for free transit all navigable waterways leading from Poland, Lithuania, and Livonia through Prussia to the Baltic. This was flatly rejected by the Allied Powers. In the [[Treaty of Versailles]], Section xi on the 'Free City of Danzig' it becomes clear that it was going to be hamstrung and oppressed by Poland, whose special privileges over the harbour and docks, including full control of "the whole [former German] railway system", and the conduct of the Free City's foreign relations, made a mockery of sovereignty. Worse, under the Convention of Paris, the enforced Treaty between Poland and the Free City of November 9 1920, went even further in its five chapters and 40 articles. The also imposed Constitution of the Free City was the final humiliation and ran to 116 Articles. A High Commissioner for the League of Nations was appointed as a ''de facto'' head of state. In order to reinforce the will of the Allied powers in this matter British and American Marines landed at Danzig in May 1919.<ref>''Tweed Daily'' newspaper (Murwillumbah, New South Wales), Thursday 29th May 1919, page 3, "Treaty Considerations".</ref>		A ''strong protest'' was registered in the German ''Comments on the Allied Terms of Peace'' arguing that Danzig was a "purely German city" and that "even the Poles do not seriously deny it has always been German in character". The Germans demanded that Danzig and its environs remain within the German State. In addition the Germans offered to grant Poland extensive rights in Memel, Konigsberg, Stettin and Danzig and to conclude a special agreement concerning Poland’s use of [German] railroads leading to these ports. Furthermore, the German Government was prepared to place at the disposal of the Poles for free use and for free transit all navigable waterways leading from Poland, Lithuania, and Livonia through Prussia to the Baltic. This was flatly rejected by the Allied Powers. In the [[Treaty of Versailles]], Section xi on the 'Free City of Danzig' it becomes clear that it was going to be hamstrung and oppressed by Poland, whose special privileges over the harbour and docks, including full control of "the whole [former German] railway system", and the conduct of the Free City's foreign relations, made a mockery of sovereignty. Worse, under the Convention of Paris, the enforced Treaty between Poland and the Free City of November 9 1920, went even further in its five chapters and 40 articles. The also imposed Constitution of the Free City was the final humiliation and ran to 116 Articles. A High Commissioner for the League of Nations was appointed as a ''de facto'' head of state. In order to reinforce the will of the Allied powers in this matter British and American Marines landed at Danzig in May 1919.<ref>''Tweed Daily'' newspaper (Murwillumbah, New South Wales), Thursday 29th May 1919, page 3, "Treaty Considerations".</ref>

	From early on, Polish writers, 'historians' and 'jurists' provided vast energies producing books on Danzig's status from a Polish ~~nationalist~~ perspective, all arguing that it had no sovereign rights. Indeed Professors Julian Makowski in the Treaty Section of the Polish Foreign Office, and Ludwik Ehrlich at the John Casimir University of [[Lemberg]] (Lvov), both insisted it was an autonomous territory under the sovereignty of Poland. This was not the view of the League, of the World Court, or of International Law.<ref>Mason, 1946, p.230-1.</ref> As a result of these bogus claims, from Danzig's foundation Poland began constant beligerent and disruptive actions against the Free City, and these continued until September 1939, the history of which can be found greatly detailed in John Brown Mason's excellent record of this period, as well as in the numerous volumes, in three series, of ''Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939'', published by His Majesty's Stationary Office.		From early on, Polish writers, 'historians' and 'jurists' provided vast energies producing books on Danzig's status from a Polish fascist perspective, all arguing that it had no sovereign rights. Indeed Professors Julian Makowski in the Treaty Section of the Polish Foreign Office, and Ludwik Ehrlich at the John Casimir University of [[Lemberg]] (Lvov), both insisted it was an autonomous territory under the sovereignty of Poland. This was not the view of the League, of the World Court, or of International Law.<ref>Mason, 1946, p.230-1.</ref> As a result of these bogus claims, from Danzig's foundation Poland began constant beligerent and disruptive actions against the Free City, and these continued until September 1939, the history of which can be found greatly detailed in John Brown Mason's excellent record of this period, as well as in the numerous volumes, in three series, of ''Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939'', published by His Majesty's Stationary Office.

	By resolution the Conference of Ambassadors to the League of Nations declared the Free City of Danzig established as of November 15, 1920, its area being 754 square miles.<ref>''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' Book of the Year 1938, London,p.193.</ref> Despite no longer being part of Germany Danzig was told she had to take on a share of the German Government's debt and to shoulder a part of the reparations paid to the Allies, amounting to actual payments by the city of $1,800,000. Other expenses were added to this by the Allies. Danzig entered into serious financial uncertainty.<ref>Mason, 1946, p.75-6.</ref>		By resolution the Conference of Ambassadors to the League of Nations declared the Free City of Danzig established as of November 15, 1920, its area being 754 square miles.<ref>''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' Book of the Year 1938, London,p.193.</ref> Despite no longer being part of Germany Danzig was told she had to take on a share of the German Government's debt and to shoulder a part of the reparations paid to the Allies, amounting to actual payments by the city of $1,800,000. Other expenses were added to this by the Allies. Danzig entered into serious financial uncertainty.<ref>Mason, 1946, p.75-6.</ref>

Danzig - Revision history

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