Extremism - Revision history

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	[[Category:Left-wing politics]]		[[Category:Left-wing politics]]
	~~[[de:Extremismus]]~~

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	'''Extremism''' is a term used to describe the actions or [[Ideology\|ideologies]] of individuals or groups outside the perceived political center of a society; or otherwise claimed to violate common moral standards. The term is invariably, or almost invariably, used [[pejorative\|pejoratively]]. Extremism is usually contrasted with moderation, and extremists with moderates. (For example, in contemporary discussions in Western countries of [[Islam]], or of Islamic political movements, it is common for there to be a heavy stress on the distinction between extremist and moderate [[Muslims]]). Political agendas perceived as extremist often include those from the [[far left]] or [[far right]] as well as [[fundamentalism]] or, as a more general term, [[fanaticism]].		'''Extremism''' is a term used to describe the actions or [[Ideology\|ideologies]] of individuals or groups outside the perceived political center of a society; or otherwise claimed to violate common moral standards. The term is invariably, or almost invariably, used [[pejorative\|pejoratively]]. Extremism is usually contrasted with moderation, and extremists with moderates. (For example, in contemporary discussions in Western countries of [[Islam]], or of Islamic political movements, it is common for there to be a heavy stress on the distinction between extremist and moderate [[Muslims]]). Political agendas perceived as extremist often include those from the [[far left]] or [[far right]] as well as [[fundamentalism]] or, as a more general term, [[fanaticism]].
	[[File:Gewalt und Terror durch BLM-Anhänger, 30. Mai 2020.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|350px\|Extremist [[BLM]] terror, 2020]]		[[File:Gewalt und Terror durch BLM-Anhänger, 30. Mai 2020.png\|thumb\|350px\|Extremist [[BLM]] terror, 2020]]
	== Radicalism or extremism? ==		== Radicalism or extremism? ==
	[[File:Antifa terrorists in the USA in 2023.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|350px\|[[Antifa]] terrorists in the [[USA]] in 2023]]		[[File:Antifa terrorists in the USA in 2023.png\|thumb\|350px\|[[Antifa]] terrorists in the [[USA]] in 2023]]
	The terms extremism or extremist are almost always exonymic — i.e. applied by others to a group rather than by a group labeling itself. Rather than labeling themselves extremist, those labeled as such might describe themselves as, for example, [[political radicalism\|political radicals]]. There is no political party that calls itself "right-wing extremist" or "left-wing extremist", and there is no sect of any religion that calls itself "extremist" or which calls its doctrine "extremism".		The terms extremism or extremist are almost always exonymic — i.e. applied by others to a group rather than by a group labeling itself. Rather than labeling themselves extremist, those labeled as such might describe themselves as, for example, [[political radicalism\|political radicals]]. There is no political party that calls itself "right-wing extremist" or "left-wing extremist", and there is no sect of any religion that calls itself "extremist" or which calls its doctrine "extremism".

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	**[[Black supremacism]]		**[[Black supremacism]]
	**[[Islamist supremacism]]		**[[Islamist supremacism]]
	**[[~~Jewish~~ supremacism]]		**[[jewish supremacism]]
	**[[Leftist supremacism]]		**[[Leftist supremacism]]
	**[[Woke supremacism]]		**[[Woke supremacism]]

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	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist\|2}}
	[[Category:Ideology]]		[[Category:Ideology]]
	[[Category:Political spectrum]]		[[Category:Political spectrum]]
	[[Category:Left-wing politics]]		[[Category:Left-wing politics]]
	[[de:Extremismus]]		[[de:Extremismus]]

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Radicalism or extremism?

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	'''Extremism''' is a ~~concept~~ used to describe ~~religious, social~~ or political ~~belief systems that exist substantially outside~~ of ~~belief systems more broadly accepted in~~ society (i.e., ~~“mainstream” beliefs~~). ~~Extreme ideologies~~ often ~~seek radical changes~~ in the [[~~nature~~]] of [[~~government~~]]~~, religion~~ or ~~society~~. ~~Extremism can also be used~~ to ~~refer to the radical wings of broader movements~~, such as ~~the talmudic~~ [[~~jews~~]] ~~or the AntiFa~~. ~~Not every~~ extremist ~~movement is “bad”, the press refers to fascists as~~ "~~extremists~~" ~~almost constantly~~, ~~but most~~ extremist ~~movements exist outside of the mainstream because many of their views~~ or ~~tactics are objectionable~~.		'''Extremism''' is a term used to describe the actions or [[Ideology\|ideologies]] of individuals or groups outside the perceived political center of a society; or otherwise claimed to violate common moral standards. The term is invariably, or almost invariably, used [[pejorative\|pejoratively]]. Extremism is usually contrasted with moderation, and extremists with moderates. (For example, in contemporary discussions in Western countries of [[Islam]], or of Islamic political movements, it is common for there to be a heavy stress on the distinction between extremist and moderate [[Muslims]]). Political agendas perceived as extremist often include those from the [[far left]] or [[far right]] as well as [[fundamentalism]] or, as a more general term, [[fanaticism]].
			[[File:Gewalt und Terror durch BLM-Anhänger, 30. Mai 2020.jpg\|thumb\|350px\|Extremist [[BLM]] terror, 2020]]
			== Radicalism or extremism? ==
			[[File:Antifa terrorists in the USA in 2023.jpg\|thumb\|350px\|[[Antifa]] terrorists in the [[USA]] in 2023]]
			The terms extremism or extremist are almost always exonymic — i.e. applied by others to a group rather than by a group labeling itself. Rather than labeling themselves extremist, those labeled as such might describe themselves as, for example, [[political radicalism\|political radicals]]. There is no political party that calls itself "right-wing extremist" or "left-wing extremist", and there is no sect of any religion that calls itself "extremist" or which calls its doctrine "extremism".

	[[Category:~~Definitions~~]]		The term "extremist" is used to describe groups and individuals who have become ''[[radicalization\|radicalized]],'' in some way, even though the term radical originally meant ''to go to the root of'' a (social) problem. The term "radical" is one not normally regarded as pejorative (except perhaps in the United States of America) and, unlike "extremist" is sometimes used by groups in their description of themselves.

			The term "extremist" is often used with reference to those who use or advocate "violence" against the will of "society at large", but it is also used by some to describe those who advocate or use "violence" to enforce the will of the social body, such as a government or majority constituency. Those described as "extremist" would in general not accept that what they practice or advocate constitutes "violence" and would instead speak in terms of "acts of resistance" or "militant action" or "the use of force." The word "violence" cannot be regarded as "value-neutral". Ideology and "methodology" often become inextricably linked under the single term "extremism".

			The notion that there is a philosophy which can be described as "extremism" is considered by some to be suspect. Within sociology, several academics who track (and are critical of) "extreme right-wing" groups have objected to the term "extremist", which was popularized by "centrist" sociologists in the 1960s and 1970s. As Jerome Himmelstein states the case:

			: ''"At best this characterization tells us nothing substantive about the people it labels; at worst it paints a false picture."''

			The act of labeling a person, group or action as "extremist" is sometimes claimed to be a technique to further a political goal — especially by governments seeking to defend the status quo, or "political centrists". In any event, the term "extremist" — like the word "violence" — cannot be regarded as "value-neutral". Nonetheless, the term, especially when used by [[leftists]], is usually meant to be derogatory and is rarely used by the ideologies so labeled. Views on what extremism is may change dramatically, one example being that many today popular views would have been frequently considered to be extremism before the [[Enlightenment]].

			==Theories on extremism==

			[[Eric Hoffer]] and [[Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.]] were two political writers during the mid-20th century who gave what purported to be accounts of "political extremism". Hoffer wrote books such as ''[[The True Believer]]'' and ''The Passionate State of Mind'' about the psychology and sociology of those who join "fanatical" mass movements. Schlesinger wrote books such as ''The Vital Center'', championing a supposed "center" of politics within which "mainstream" political discourse takes place, and underscoring the alleged need for societies to draw definite lines regarding what falls outside of this acceptability.

			In this way, both [[Communism]] and [[Fascism]] were described by some in the postwar "western democracies" as "extremist" movements, as were (arguably "fascist") groups such as the [[Ku Klux Klan]]. The term was also used at times to describe groups which held views outside of the "mainstream" but which did not necessarily advocate the use of physical force to achieve their objectives. Examples of such groups might be the [[Nation of Islam]] and the movement for [[nuclear disarmament]].

			[[Seymour Martin Lipset]] argued that besides the extremism of the left and right there is also an ''extremism of the center'', and that it actually formed the base of [[fascism]].<ref>G. M. Tamás: [http://bostonreview.net/BR25.3/tamas.html On Post-Fascism], [[Boston Review]], summer 2000</ref>

			== Religious extremism ==
			Some religions groups have relied upon the use of extremist methods to indoctrine others into their faith.<ref>Cline, Austin. [http://atheism.about.com/b/2003/11/05/dangers-in-evangelical-christian-dogma.htm Dangers in Evangelical Christian Dogma]. (November 5, 2003).</ref> Extremist religious groups ranging from Ismamic extremist groups to hardcore Christian [[evangelicalism\|evangelicals]] have historically used tactics to encourage fear-based [[obedience]] to doctrines, such as [[fear mongering\|fear-mongering]] tactics, immediate and intense unscientifically-based opposition to the [[physics\|physical]] realities of the universe, and intentional [[obfuscation]] to enforce obedience to [[religion\|religious]]

			== "Extremism" as part of a spectrum of behaviour ==

			"Extremism" is not a stand-alone characteristic. The attitude or behavior of an "extremist" may be represented as being in a spectrum which ranges from mild interest through "obsession" to "fanaticism" and "extremism". The alleged similarity between the "extreme left" and "extreme right", or perhaps between different religious "zealots", may mean only that all these are "unacceptable" from the standpoint of a supposed mainstream or majority .

			==Uses of the term in "mainstream" politics==
			[[Barry Goldwater]] said, ''"Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice; moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue"'' at the 1964 [[United States Republican Party\|Republican]] Convention in a sentence attributed to his speechwriter [[Karl Hess]].

			[[Robert F. Kennedy]] said, ''"What is objectionable, what is dangerous about extremists is not that they are extreme but that they are intolerant. The evil is not what they say about their cause, but what they say about their opponents."''

			Since the 1990s, in [[United States]] [[politics]] the term ''[[Sister Souljah moment]]'' has been used to describe a [[politician]]'s public repudiation of an allegedly extremist person or group, statement, or position.

			==Other terms==
			The term "[[subversive]]" was often used interchangeably, in the United States at least, with "extremist" during the [[Cold War]] period, although the two words are not synonymous.

			== See also ==
			*[[Political spectrum]]
			*[[Centrism]]
			*[[Far left]]
			*[[Far right]]
			*[[Fundamentalism]]
			*[[Radicalism]]
			* [[Left-wing politics]]

			=== Supremacism ===
			*[[Supremacism]]
			**[[Black supremacism]]
			**[[Islamist supremacism]]
			**[[Jewish supremacism]]
			**[[Leftist supremacism]]
			**[[Woke supremacism]]

			==Further reading==
			* George, John and Laird Wilcox. ''[[Nazis]], [[Communists]], [[Klansmen]], and Others on the Fringe: Political Extremism in America''  [[Prometheus Books]], 1992. (ISBN 0-87975-680-2)
			* Himmelstein, Jerome L. ''All But Sleeping with the Enemy: Studying the Radical Right Up Close''  [[American Sociological Association\|ASA]], [[San Francisco, California\|San Francisco]]: 1988
			* [[Eric Hoffer\|Hoffer, Eric]]. ''[[The True Believer]]: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements''. Various editions, first published 1951.
			* [[Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.\|Schlesinger, Arthur]]. ''The Vital Center: The Politics of Freedom''. Various editions, first published 1949.
			* Wilcox, Laird. "What Is Political Extremism", retrieved from [http://www.voluntaryist.com/articles/027a.php ''The Voluntaryist'' newsletter #27, 1987]
			* Hawk, Tony. ''Tony Hawk: American Wasteland.'' 2006.

			==References==
			{{reflist}}
			[[Category:Ideology]]
			[[Category:Political spectrum]]
			[[Category:Left-wing politics]]
			[[de:Extremismus]]

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	'''Extremism''' is a concept used to describe religious, social or political belief systems that exist substantially outside of belief systems more broadly accepted in society (i.e., “mainstream” beliefs). Extreme ideologies often seek radical changes in ~~tbe~~ [[nature]] of [[government]], religion or society. Extremism can also be used to refer to ~~tbe~~ radical wings of broader movements, such as ~~tbe~~ talmudic [[jews]] or ~~tbe~~ AntiFa. Not every extremist movement is “bad”, ~~tbe~~ press refers to fascists as "extremists" almost constantly, but most extremist movements exist outside of ~~tbe~~ mainstream because many of ~~tbeir~~ views or tactics are objectionable.		'''Extremism''' is a concept used to describe religious, social or political belief systems that exist substantially outside of belief systems more broadly accepted in society (i.e., “mainstream” beliefs). Extreme ideologies often seek radical changes in the [[nature]] of [[government]], religion or society. Extremism can also be used to refer to the radical wings of broader movements, such as the talmudic [[jews]] or the AntiFa. Not every extremist movement is “bad”, the press refers to fascists as "extremists" almost constantly, but most extremist movements exist outside of the mainstream because many of their views or tactics are objectionable.

	[[Category:Definitions]]		[[Category:Definitions]]

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	'''Extremism''' is a concept used to describe religious, social or political belief systems that exist substantially outside of belief systems more broadly accepted in society (i.e., “mainstream” beliefs). Extreme ideologies often seek radical changes in ~~the~~ [[nature]] of [[government]], religion or society. Extremism can also be used to refer to ~~the~~ radical wings of broader movements, such as ~~the~~ talmudic [[jews]] or ~~the~~ AntiFa. Not every extremist movement is “bad”, ~~the~~ press refers to fascists as "extremists" almost constantly, but most extremist movements exist outside of ~~the~~ mainstream because many of ~~their~~ views or tactics are objectionable.		'''Extremism''' is a concept used to describe religious, social or political belief systems that exist substantially outside of belief systems more broadly accepted in society (i.e., “mainstream” beliefs). Extreme ideologies often seek radical changes in tbe [[nature]] of [[government]], religion or society. Extremism can also be used to refer to tbe radical wings of broader movements, such as tbe talmudic [[jews]] or tbe AntiFa. Not every extremist movement is “bad”, tbe press refers to fascists as "extremists" almost constantly, but most extremist movements exist outside of tbe mainstream because many of tbeir views or tactics are objectionable.

	[[Category:Definitions]]		[[Category:Definitions]]

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	'''Extremism''' is a concept used to describe religious, social or political belief systems that exist substantially outside of belief systems more broadly accepted in society (i.e., “mainstream” beliefs). Extreme ideologies often seek radical changes in ~~tbe~~ [[nature]] of [[government]], religion or society. Extremism can also be used to refer to ~~tbe~~ radical wings of broader movements, such as ~~tbe~~ talmudic [[jews]] or ~~tbe~~ AntiFa. Not every extremist movement is “bad”, ~~tbe~~ press refers to fascists as "extremists" almost constantly, but most extremist movements exist outside of ~~tbe~~ mainstream because many of ~~tbeir~~ views or tactics are objectionable.		'''Extremism''' is a concept used to describe religious, social or political belief systems that exist substantially outside of belief systems more broadly accepted in society (i.e., “mainstream” beliefs). Extreme ideologies often seek radical changes in the [[nature]] of [[government]], religion or society. Extremism can also be used to refer to the radical wings of broader movements, such as the talmudic [[jews]] or the AntiFa. Not every extremist movement is “bad”, the press refers to fascists as "extremists" almost constantly, but most extremist movements exist outside of the mainstream because many of their views or tactics are objectionable.

	[[Category:Definitions]]		[[Category:Definitions]]

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	'''Extremism''' is a term used to describe the actions or [[Ideology\|ideologies]] of individuals or groups outside the perceived political center of a society; or otherwise claimed to violate common moral standards. The term is invariably, or almost invariably, used [[pejorative\|pejoratively]]. Extremism is usually contrasted with moderation, and extremists with moderates. (For example, in contemporary discussions in Western countries of [[Islam]], or of Islamic political movements, it is common for there to be a heavy stress on the distinction between extremist and moderate [[Muslims]]). Political agendas perceived as extremist often include those from the [[far left]] or [[far right]] as well as [[fundamentalism]] or, as a more general term, [[fanaticism]].		'''Extremism''' is a term used to describe the actions or [[Ideology\|ideologies]] of individuals or groups outside the perceived political center of a society; or otherwise claimed to violate common moral standards. The term is invariably, or almost invariably, used [[pejorative\|pejoratively]]. Extremism is usually contrasted with moderation, and extremists with moderates. (For example, in contemporary discussions in Western countries of [[Islam]], or of Islamic political movements, it is common for there to be a heavy stress on the distinction between extremist and moderate [[Muslims]]). Political agendas perceived as extremist often include those from the [[far left]] or [[far right]] as well as [[fundamentalism]] or, as a more general term, [[fanaticism]].
	[[File:Gewalt und Terror durch BLM-Anhänger, 30. Mai 2020.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|350px\|Extremist [[BLM]] terror, 2020]]		[[File:Gewalt und Terror durch BLM-Anhänger, 30. Mai 2020.png\|thumb\|350px\|Extremist [[BLM]] terror, 2020]]
	== Radicalism or extremism? ==		== Radicalism or extremism? ==
	[[File:Antifa terrorists in the USA in 2023.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|350px\|[[Antifa]] terrorists in the [[USA]] in 2023]]		[[File:Antifa terrorists in the USA in 2023.png\|thumb\|350px\|[[Antifa]] terrorists in the [[USA]] in 2023]]
	The terms extremism or extremist are almost always exonymic — i.e. applied by others to a group rather than by a group labeling itself. Rather than labeling themselves extremist, those labeled as such might describe themselves as, for example, [[political radicalism\|political radicals]]. There is no political party that calls itself "right-wing extremist" or "left-wing extremist", and there is no sect of any religion that calls itself "extremist" or which calls its doctrine "extremism".		The terms extremism or extremist are almost always exonymic — i.e. applied by others to a group rather than by a group labeling itself. Rather than labeling themselves extremist, those labeled as such might describe themselves as, for example, [[political radicalism\|political radicals]]. There is no political party that calls itself "right-wing extremist" or "left-wing extremist", and there is no sect of any religion that calls itself "extremist" or which calls its doctrine "extremism".