Germanic peoples - Revision history

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	~~[[sk:Germáni]]~~
	~~[[pt:germanos]]~~

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	~~[[de:Germanen]]~~
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	[[File:Germanic tribes.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|300px\|Map]]		[[File:Germanic tribes.png\|thumb\|300px\|Map]]
	The '''Germanic peoples''', also referred to as '''Teutons''', are a group of [[Indo-European]] peoples. Their main area of inhabitation is Northern Europe, but they had spread elsewhere during the [[Middle Ages]] and to the present day. Modern day ethnic groups and national peoples who are associated with this include: [[German]], [[Dutch]], [[Flemish]], [[English]], [[Lowland Scots]], [[Danish]], [[Swedish]] and [[Norwegian]] peoples.		The '''Germanic peoples''', also referred to as '''Teutons''', are a group of [[Indo-European]] peoples. Their main area of inhabitation is Northern Europe, but they had spread elsewhere during the [[Middle Ages]] and to the present day. Modern day ethnic groups and national peoples who are associated with this include: [[German]], [[Dutch]], [[Flemish]], [[English]], [[Lowland Scots]], [[Danish]], [[Swedish]] and [[Norwegian]] peoples.

	==Eras==		==Eras==
	[[File:Urgermanen der Jungsteinzeit.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|300px\|Proto-Germanics of the [[Neolithic]] or New Stone Age]]		[[File:Urgermanen der Jungsteinzeit.png\|thumb\|300px\|Proto-Germanics of the [[Neolithic]] or New Stone Age]]
	[[File:Germanic Solstice Celebration, Germanische Sonnenwendfeier, during the Proto-Germanic period, large.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|300px\|The picture from [[Fritz Koch-Gotha]] shows a midsummer night solstice celebration ((Sommer) Sonnenwendfeier) with [[sun cross]].<ref>This was an important feast in many ancient and medieval cultures. You can see a Germanic tribe gathering on a hill at the time of sunset. Solstice Celebrations are still important in modern-day Germany, this scene is probably on the famous "Questenberg". Questenberg is a village and a former municipality in the Mansfeld-Südharz district, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2010, it has been part of the Südharz municipality. First settlement traces date from 5th and 6th centuries BC. Above the place is the castle also called Questenberg. Remainders of the castle (attachment walls and tower), on the steep mountain at the eastern periphery of the village can still be visited. The hill above the village, is home to the Queste (also known as the Questenbaum (Queste Tree)), an ancient pagan sun wheel, celebrated at the Questenfest.</ref>]]		[[File:Germanic Solstice Celebration, Germanische Sonnenwendfeier, during the Proto-Germanic period, large.png\|thumb\|300px\|The picture from [[Fritz Koch-Gotha]] shows a midsummer night solstice celebration ((Sommer) Sonnenwendfeier) with [[sun cross]].<ref>This was an important feast in many ancient and medieval cultures. You can see a Germanic tribe gathering on a hill at the time of sunset. Solstice Celebrations are still important in modern-day Germany, this scene is probably on the famous "Questenberg". Questenberg is a village and a former municipality in the Mansfeld-Südharz district, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2010, it has been part of the Südharz municipality. First settlement traces date from 5th and 6th centuries BC. Above the place is the castle also called Questenberg. Remainders of the castle (attachment walls and tower), on the steep mountain at the eastern periphery of the village can still be visited. The hill above the village, is home to the Queste (also known as the Questenbaum (Queste Tree)), an ancient pagan sun wheel, celebrated at the Questenfest.</ref>]]
	* '''Proto-Germanics''' ([https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Urgermanen ''Urgermanen'']), approximately 20,000 to 800 BC		* '''Proto-Germanics''' ([https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Urgermanen ''Urgermanen'']), approximately 20,000 to 800 BC
	* '''Early Germanics''' ([https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%BChes_Germanentum ''Frühgermanen'']), approximately 800 to 300 BC		* '''Early Germanics''' ([https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%BChes_Germanentum ''Frühgermanen'']), approximately 800 to 300 BC
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	** sometimes divided into southern (central [[Germania]]) and northern Germanics ([[Scandinavians]]) for research purposes		** sometimes divided into southern (central [[Germania]]) and northern Germanics ([[Scandinavians]]) for research purposes
	==Etymology==		==Etymology==
	[[File:Germanic people of the bronze age.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|300px\|Germanic peoples of the [[Bronze Age]], c. 1600 B.C.]]		[[File:Germanic people of the bronze age.png\|thumb\|300px\|Germanic peoples of the [[Bronze Age]], c. 1600 B.C.]]
	Various different terms have been used in reference to the general Germanic peoples, their language and culture in history. In the [[English language]] the word "Dutch" was used during the late 14th century until the end of the 16th century.<ref name="dutch"/> From around 1600, the word "Dutch" was used instead in English to refer exclusively to [[Hollanders]].<ref name="dutch">{{cite news\|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Dutch&allowed_in_frame=0\|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary\|title=Dutch\|date=6 November 2012}}</ref> A variation of the word "Dutch" itself is used in the [[German language]] as "''Deutsch''" to this day to refer to [[German people]]. The [[Old English]] version of this was ''þeodisc'', which means "belonging to the people," the word ''þeod'' means "people, race, nation" and derives from the Proto-Germanic ''*theudo'' "popular, national". The [[Latin]] word used was ''theodiscus''.		Various different terms have been used in reference to the general Germanic peoples, their language and culture in history. In the [[English language]] the word "Dutch" was used during the late 14th century until the end of the 16th century.<ref name="dutch"/> From around 1600, the word "Dutch" was used instead in English to refer exclusively to [[Hollanders]].<ref name="dutch">{{cite news\|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Dutch&allowed_in_frame=0\|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary\|title=Dutch\|date=6 November 2012}}</ref> A variation of the word "Dutch" itself is used in the [[German language]] as "''Deutsch''" to this day to refer to [[German people]]. The [[Old English]] version of this was ''þeodisc'', which means "belonging to the people," the word ''þeod'' means "people, race, nation" and derives from the Proto-Germanic ''*theudo'' "popular, national". The [[Latin]] word used was ''theodiscus''.

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	==Origins==		==Origins==
	[[File:Germanen der Bronzezeit, Gemälde von Wilhelm Petersen.~~jpg~~\|right\|310px]]		[[File:Germanen der Bronzezeit, Gemälde von Wilhelm Petersen.png\|right\|310px]]
	[[File:Germanische Familie, Gemälde von Wilhelm Petersen.~~jpg~~\|right\|310px]]		[[File:Germanische Familie, Gemälde von Wilhelm Petersen.png\|right\|310px]]
	The Germanics originated out of the [[Corded Ware Culture]], speaking a hypothetical Pre-Proto-Germanic, as early as the late 2nd millenium BC, during the Nordic [[Bronze Age]]. The Proto-Germanic langage later appeared during the Pre-Roman [[Iron Age]] of Northern Europe, c. 500 BC.		The Germanics originated out of the [[Corded Ware Culture]], speaking a hypothetical Pre-Proto-Germanic, as early as the late 2nd millenium BC, during the Nordic [[Bronze Age]]. The Proto-Germanic langage later appeared during the Pre-Roman [[Iron Age]] of Northern Europe, c. 500 BC.

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	The word "[[Teutonic]]" began to replace "Dutch" as the general phrase for Germanic peoples, language and culture in the English language c. 1600.<ref name="teuton">{{cite news\|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Teutonic&allowed_in_frame=0\|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary\|title=Teutonic\|date=6 November 2012}}</ref> The word itself derives from the		The word "[[Teutonic]]" began to replace "Dutch" as the general phrase for Germanic peoples, language and culture in the English language c. 1600.<ref name="teuton">{{cite news\|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Teutonic&allowed_in_frame=0\|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary\|title=Teutonic\|date=6 November 2012}}</ref> The word itself derives from the
	Latin ''Teutonicus'' in reference to a Germanic tribe that was known to the [[Romans]] for their sackings of [[Gaul]].<ref name="teuton"/> It's usage in English was likely inspired by [[Renaissance]] [[humanism]]'s enthusiasm for the classical world. This word likely has a common root with "Dutch" which it replaced in any case.<ref name="teuton"/> Finally in modern English, the word "Germanic" was formally adopted in 1892 to refer to the broader definition of language, culture and people.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Germanic&allowed_in_frame=0\|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary\|title=Germanic\|date=6 November 2012}}</ref> Although for political reasons some would continue to use the phrase "Teutonic" to make a clear ~~nationalist~~ distinction from the political [[German Empire]] state; for example most [[English]], [[Lowland Scots]], [[Dutch]] and [[Flemish]] people see themselves as racially Teutonic or Germanic, but not German people proper.		Latin ''Teutonicus'' in reference to a Germanic tribe that was known to the [[Romans]] for their sackings of [[Gaul]].<ref name="teuton"/> It's usage in English was likely inspired by [[Renaissance]] [[humanism]]'s enthusiasm for the classical world. This word likely has a common root with "Dutch" which it replaced in any case.<ref name="teuton"/> Finally in modern English, the word "Germanic" was formally adopted in 1892 to refer to the broader definition of language, culture and people.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Germanic&allowed_in_frame=0\|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary\|title=Germanic\|date=6 November 2012}}</ref> Although for political reasons some would continue to use the phrase "Teutonic" to make a clear fascist distinction from the political [[German Empire]] state; for example most [[English]], [[Lowland Scots]], [[Dutch]] and [[Flemish]] people see themselves as racially Teutonic or Germanic, but not German people proper.

	French writer and [[racial thinker]] [[Arthur de Gobineau]] used the term "[[Aryans]]" to describe the [[Germanic race]] (''la race germanique''). The Germanic race was regarded by Gobineau as beautiful, honourable and destined to rule: ''cette illustre famille humaine, la plus noble''. While ''arya'' was originally an endonym used only by Indo-Iranians, "Aryan" became, partly because of the Essai a racial designation of a race, which Gobineau specified as ''la race germanique''.<ref>A. J. Woodman: ''The Cambridge Companion to [[Tacitus]]'', 2009, p. 294.</ref>		French writer and [[racial thinker]] [[Arthur de Gobineau]] used the term "[[Aryans]]" to describe the [[Germanic race]] (''la race germanique''). The Germanic race was regarded by Gobineau as beautiful, honourable and destined to rule: ''cette illustre famille humaine, la plus noble''. While ''arya'' was originally an endonym used only by Indo-Iranians, "Aryan" became, partly because of the Essai a racial designation of a race, which Gobineau specified as ''la race germanique''.<ref>A. J. Woodman: ''The Cambridge Companion to [[Tacitus]]'', 2009, p. 294.</ref>

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	~~[[Category:Germania]]~~
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	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist\|2}}

	[[Category:Germanic peoples\| ]]		[[Category:Germanic peoples\| ]]

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Etymology

New page

[[File:Germanic tribes.jpg|thumb|300px|Map]]
The '''Germanic peoples''', also referred to as '''Teutons''', are a group of [[Indo-European]] peoples. Their main area of inhabitation is Northern Europe, but they had spread elsewhere during the [[Middle Ages]] and to the present day. Modern day ethnic groups and national peoples who are associated with this include: [[German]], [[Dutch]], [[Flemish]], [[English]], [[Lowland Scots]], [[Danish]], [[Swedish]] and [[Norwegian]] peoples.

==Eras==
[[File:Urgermanen der Jungsteinzeit.jpg|thumb|300px|Proto-Germanics of the [[Neolithic]] or New Stone Age]]
[[File:Germanic Solstice Celebration, Germanische Sonnenwendfeier, during the Proto-Germanic period, large.jpg|thumb|300px|The picture from [[Fritz Koch-Gotha]] shows a midsummer night solstice celebration ((Sommer) Sonnenwendfeier) with [[sun cross]].<ref>This was an important feast in many ancient and medieval cultures. You can see a Germanic tribe gathering on a hill at the time of sunset. Solstice Celebrations are still important in modern-day Germany, this scene is probably on the famous "Questenberg". Questenberg is a village and a former municipality in the Mansfeld-Südharz district, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2010, it has been part of the Südharz municipality. First settlement traces date from 5th and 6th centuries BC. Above the place is the castle also called Questenberg. Remainders of the castle (attachment walls and tower), on the steep mountain at the eastern periphery of the village can still be visited. The hill above the village, is home to the Queste (also known as the Questenbaum (Queste Tree)), an ancient pagan sun wheel, celebrated at the Questenfest.</ref>]]
* '''Proto-Germanics''' ([https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Urgermanen ''Urgermanen'']), approximately 20,000 to 800 BC
* '''Early Germanics''' ([https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%BChes_Germanentum ''Frühgermanen'']), approximately 800 to 300 BC
* '''Old Germanics''' ([https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Altgermanen ''Altgermanen'']), approximately 300 BC to 100 AD
* '''Germanics''' (''Germanen''), approximately 100 AD to the early [[Middle Ages]]
** sometimes divided into southern (central [[Germania]]) and northern Germanics ([[Scandinavians]]) for research purposes
==Etymology==
[[File:Germanic people of the bronze age.jpg|thumb|300px|Germanic peoples of the [[Bronze Age]], c. 1600 B.C.]]
Various different terms have been used in reference to the general Germanic peoples, their language and culture in history. In the [[English language]] the word "Dutch" was used during the late 14th century until the end of the 16th century.<ref name="dutch"/> From around 1600, the word "Dutch" was used instead in English to refer exclusively to [[Hollanders]].<ref name="dutch">{{cite news|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Dutch&allowed_in_frame=0|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|title=Dutch|date=6 November 2012}}</ref> A variation of the word "Dutch" itself is used in the [[German language]] as "''Deutsch''" to this day to refer to [[German people]]. The [[Old English]] version of this was ''þeodisc'', which means "belonging to the people," the word ''þeod'' means "people, race, nation" and derives from the Proto-Germanic ''*theudo'' "popular, national". The [[Latin]] word used was ''theodiscus''.

The word "[[Teutonic]]" began to replace "Dutch" as the general phrase for Germanic peoples, language and culture in the English language c. 1600.<ref name="teuton">{{cite news|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Teutonic&allowed_in_frame=0|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|title=Teutonic|date=6 November 2012}}</ref> The word itself derives from the
Latin ''Teutonicus'' in reference to a Germanic tribe that was known to the [[Romans]] for their sackings of [[Gaul]].<ref name="teuton"/> It's usage in English was likely inspired by [[Renaissance]] [[humanism]]'s enthusiasm for the classical world. This word likely has a common root with "Dutch" which it replaced in any case.<ref name="teuton"/> Finally in modern English, the word "Germanic" was formally adopted in 1892 to refer to the broader definition of language, culture and people.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Germanic&allowed_in_frame=0|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|title=Germanic|date=6 November 2012}}</ref> Although for political reasons some would continue to use the phrase "Teutonic" to make a clear nationalist distinction from the political [[German Empire]] state; for example most [[English]], [[Lowland Scots]], [[Dutch]] and [[Flemish]] people see themselves as racially Teutonic or Germanic, but not German people proper.

French writer and [[racial thinker]] [[Arthur de Gobineau]] used the term "[[Aryans]]" to describe the [[Germanic race]] (''la race germanique''). The Germanic race was regarded by Gobineau as beautiful, honourable and destined to rule: ''cette illustre famille humaine, la plus noble''. While ''arya'' was originally an endonym used only by Indo-Iranians, "Aryan" became, partly because of the Essai a racial designation of a race, which Gobineau specified as ''la race germanique''.<ref>A. J. Woodman: ''The Cambridge Companion to [[Tacitus]]'', 2009, p. 294.</ref>

==Origins==
[[File:Germanen der Bronzezeit, Gemälde von Wilhelm Petersen.jpg|right|310px]]
[[File:Germanische Familie, Gemälde von Wilhelm Petersen.jpg|right|310px]]
The Germanics originated out of the [[Corded Ware Culture]], speaking a hypothetical Pre-Proto-Germanic, as early as the late 2nd millenium BC, during the Nordic [[Bronze Age]]. The Proto-Germanic langage later appeared during the Pre-Roman [[Iron Age]] of Northern Europe, c. 500 BC.

Archeological evidence testifies a uniform Germanic people appearing across the areas today of Northern [[Germany]], Netherlands, Denmark and southern [[Scandinavia]] from the 1st millenium BC. Migrating Germanic peoples spread throughout other parts of [[Europe]], during the [[Migration Period]], including the [[Anglo Saxons]], [[Vandals]], [[Goths]] and [[Lombards]]. Germanic languages having diverged from Proto-Germanic became dominant in [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[Netherlands]], and later [[England]]. Furthermore, all Germanic peoples eventually converted to [[Christianity]]. The Germanic tribes also played an important role in transforming the Roman empire, which had collapsed, into [[Medieval Europe]].

==Physical appearance==

Ancient sources reveals that the Germanics are described mostly as reddish-blond (''rutilae comae'' = "golden-red") haired by the Romans ([[Germania (Tacitus)]] iv; Seneca. De Ira. iii. 26. 3) or flavus, meaning blonde (Juv. Sat. xiii. 164; Lucan. ii. 60) and blue or gray eyed (Tacitus. Ger. iv; Plut. Life of Marius, xi. 3; Hor. Ep. xvi). Their skin is also described as pale white (Vitruvius. vi. 1. 3; Eugippius. Thesaurus. 73).

The ancient writer Julius Firmicus Maternus went as far as claiming the whole of Germany was blonde:

:''"If the characters and complexions of mankind are due to the combinations of planets, and the motions of the planets make up men’s traits, as if in paintings: that is, if the Moon makes people fair-skinned, Mars red, Saturn black, why is the whole population of Ethiopia black, of Germany blond, of Thrace red-haired, as though the Moon and Mars had no strength in Ethiopia, and Saturn could not produce dark coloring in Germany or Thrace?"'' - Matheseos Libri Octo, ii. 1

==Peoples (selection of tribes)==
* [[Alamanni]]
* [[Anglo-Saxons]]
** [[Angles]]
** [[Saxon]]
* [[Bavarians]]
* [[Burgundians]]
* [[Cherusci]]
* [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danes]]
* [[Franks]]
* [[Frisia|Frisians]], Frisii
* [[Goths]]
* [[Irminones]] (Herminones or Hermiones)
* [[Lombards]]
* [[Suebi]]
* [[Teutons]]
* [[Vandals]]
* [[Vikings]]
* [[Visigoths]]

==Dynasties (selection)==
* [[Merovingian dynasty]]
* [[Carolingian dynasty]]
* [[Ottonian dynasty]]
* [[Salian dynasty]]
* [[Hohenstaufen dynasty]]
* [[Habsburger dynasty]]
* [[Hohenzollern dynasty]]

==See also==
* [[Roman Empire]]
* [[Germanic deities]]
* [[Germania (Tacitus)]]
* [[Germania]]
* [[Holy Roman Empire]]

==Further reading==
* Dr. med. Ludwig Wilser ("father of [[race cultivation]]"): [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044037775731&seq=5 ''Die Herkunft der Germanen – Neue Forschungen über Urgeschichte, Abstammung, und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse unseres Volkes''] ("The Origin of the Germanic Peoples"), Karlsruhe 1885
* Professor Dr. William Zebina Ripley: [https://wellcomecollection.org/works/qx2kdh9e/items?canvas=5 ''The Races of Europe – A Sociological Study''], London, 1899 ([https://archive.org/details/cu31924029874611/page/n3/mode/2up edition New York 1915])
* Karl Joseph Leyser: ''Medieval Germany and its Neighbours 900-1250'', Hambledon Press, London, 1982, ISBN: 0-907628-08-7.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413102447/https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-worldhistory/chapter/the-germanic-tribes/ The Germanic Tribes]
*[http://www.protogermanic.com/ Proto-Germanic]
*[http://celto-germanic.blogspot.co.uk/ Celto-Germanic Culture]
*[http://www.friesian.com/germania.htm Successors of Rome: Germania, 395-774]
*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Germanic-peoples Encyclopedia Britannica: Germanic peoples]
* Fall of Rome ([https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Eroberung_Roms_(Germanen) ''Eroberung Roms''])

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Germanic peoples| ]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples]]
[[Category:German history]]
[[Category:European history]]
[[Category:Germania]]
[[Category:Bronze Age]]
[[Category:Middle Ages]]

[[de:Germanen]]
[[sk:Germáni]]
[[pt:germanos]]