Gymnasium (school) - Revision history

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	[[File:Goethe-Gymnasium in Gera from 1861.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|400px\|[[Goethe]]-Gymnasium in [[Gera]]<ref>Gera, the third-largest city in the German state of [[Thuringia]] (after [[Erfurt]], the Thuringian capital, and [[Jena]]), lies in east Thuringia on the river [[Weiße Elster]], approximately 60 kilometres to the south of the city of [[Leipzig]] and 80 kilometres to the east of Erfurt. Gera had a population of approximately 99,000.</ref> since 1861]]		[[File:Goethe-Gymnasium in Gera from 1861.png\|thumb\|400px\|[[Goethe]]-Gymnasium in [[Gera]]<ref>Gera, the third-largest city in the German state of [[Thuringia]] (after [[Erfurt]], the Thuringian capital, and [[Jena]]), lies in east Thuringia on the river [[Weiße Elster]], approximately 60 kilometres to the south of the city of [[Leipzig]] and 80 kilometres to the east of Erfurt. Gera had a population of approximately 99,000.</ref> since 1861]]
	A '''gymnasium''' (pronounced with a [ɡ] in several languages) is a type of school with a strong emphasis on academic learning, and providing advanced secondary education in some parts of Europe (especially [[Germany]]) and the CIS. It is comparable to British grammar schools, sixth form colleges and U.S. preparatory high schools. In its current meaning, it usually refers to secondary schools focused on preparing students to enter a [[university]] for advanced academic study.		A '''gymnasium''' (pronounced with a [ɡ] in several languages) is a type of school with a strong emphasis on academic learning, and providing advanced secondary education in some parts of Europe (especially [[Germany]]) and the CIS. It is comparable to British grammar schools, sixth form colleges and U.S. preparatory high schools. In its current meaning, it usually refers to secondary schools focused on preparing students to enter a [[university]] for advanced academic study.

	==History==		==History==
	[[File:Friedrich-Wilhelms-Gymnasium zu Neu-Ruppin.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|250px\|''Friedrich-Wilhelms-Gymnasium zu Neu-Ruppin'' (seal)]]		[[File:Friedrich-Wilhelms-Gymnasium zu Neu-Ruppin.png\|thumb\|250px\|''Friedrich-Wilhelms-Gymnasium zu Neu-Ruppin'' (seal)]]
	In the [[German language\|German-speaking]], the Central-European, the [[Nordic countries\|Nordic]], the [[Benelux]] ([[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]], [[Luxembourg]]) and the [[Baltic countries]], this meaning for "gymnasium", that is a secondary school preparing the student for [[higher education]] at a [[university]], has been the same at least since the [[Protestant reformation]] in the 16th century. The term was derived from the [[classical Greek]] word “gymnasium”, which was originally applied to an exercising ground ([[sports]]) in ancient [[Athens]]. Here teachers gathered and gave instruction between the hours devoted to physical exercises, and thus the term became associated with and came to mean an institution of learning. This use of the term did not prevail among the [[ancient Romans\|Romans]], but was revived during the [[Renaissance]] in [[Italy]], and from there passed into the [[Holy Roman Empire]] during the 15th century.		In the [[German language\|German-speaking]], the Central-European, the [[Nordic countries\|Nordic]], the [[Benelux]] ([[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]], [[Luxembourg]]) and the [[Baltic countries]], this meaning for "gymnasium", that is a secondary school preparing the student for [[higher education]] at a [[university]], has been the same at least since the [[Protestant reformation]] in the 16th century. The term was derived from the [[classical Greek]] word “gymnasium”, which was originally applied to an exercising ground ([[sports]]) in ancient [[Athens]]. Here teachers gathered and gave instruction between the hours devoted to physical exercises, and thus the term became associated with and came to mean an institution of learning. This use of the term did not prevail among the [[ancient Romans\|Romans]], but was revived during the [[Renaissance]] in [[Italy]], and from there passed into the [[Holy Roman Empire]] during the 15th century.

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	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist\|2}}

	[[Category:School types]]		[[Category:School types]]

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[[File:Goethe-Gymnasium in Gera from 1861.jpg|thumb|400px|[[Goethe]]-Gymnasium in [[Gera]]<ref>Gera, the third-largest city in the German state of [[Thuringia]] (after [[Erfurt]], the Thuringian capital, and [[Jena]]), lies in east Thuringia on the river [[Weiße Elster]], approximately 60 kilometres to the south of the city of [[Leipzig]] and 80 kilometres to the east of Erfurt. Gera had a population of approximately 99,000.</ref> since 1861]]
A '''gymnasium''' (pronounced with a [ɡ] in several languages) is a type of school with a strong emphasis on academic learning, and providing advanced secondary education in some parts of Europe (especially [[Germany]]) and the CIS. It is comparable to British grammar schools, sixth form colleges and U.S. preparatory high schools. In its current meaning, it usually refers to secondary schools focused on preparing students to enter a [[university]] for advanced academic study.

==History==
[[File:Friedrich-Wilhelms-Gymnasium zu Neu-Ruppin.jpg|thumb|250px|''Friedrich-Wilhelms-Gymnasium zu Neu-Ruppin'' (seal)]]
In the [[German language|German-speaking]], the Central-European, the [[Nordic countries|Nordic]], the [[Benelux]] ([[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]], [[Luxembourg]]) and the [[Baltic countries]], this meaning for "gymnasium", that is a secondary school preparing the student for [[higher education]] at a [[university]], has been the same at least since the [[Protestant reformation]] in the 16th century. The term was derived from the [[classical Greek]] word “gymnasium”, which was originally applied to an exercising ground ([[sports]]) in ancient [[Athens]]. Here teachers gathered and gave instruction between the hours devoted to physical exercises, and thus the term became associated with and came to mean an institution of learning. This use of the term did not prevail among the [[ancient Romans|Romans]], but was revived during the [[Renaissance]] in [[Italy]], and from there passed into the [[Holy Roman Empire]] during the 15th century.

===Germany===
In 1538, German educator and [[Protestant]] reformer Johannes Sturm (1507–1589) founded at [[Straßburg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation]]) the school which became the model of the modern German gymnasium.

====Prussia====
In 1812, a [[Prussia]]n regulation ordered that all schools which had the right to send their students to the university should bear the name of ''gymnasia''. By the 20th century, this practice was followed in almost all German states, in [[Austria]] and in [[Russia]].

====FRG====
In the modern-day [[Federal Republic of Germany]], depending on the ''Bundesland'' (federal state) and the typ of Gymnasium, the students normally visit the school 8 (Gy8) or 9 (Gy9 in Bavaria, Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia as of 2022) years starting at 5th (at age 10/11) or 7th (Gy6 at age 12/13 in the states [[Berlin]], [[Brandenburg]], and [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] as of 2022), Abitur (''qualification granted at the end of secondary education'') in 12th or 13th grade.

=====Abitur=====
During the final examinations (''Abiturprüfungen''), students are tested in four or five subjects (at least one of which is oral). Procedures vary by state.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Course !! Type of examination
|-
| 1st advanced course|| Written
|-
| 2nd advanced course|| Written
|-
| Basic course or 3rd advanced course|| Written
|-
| Basic course|| Oral
|-
| Basic course|| Oral, presentation or ''BLL'' (literally "exceptional learning achievement", a 20-page paper or success in a recognized competition)
|}
Although some tested subjects are chosen by the student, three areas must be covered:
* Language, literature and the arts
** German, Sorbian (in [[Saxony]] and [[Brandenburg]]), foreign languages (typically English, French, [[Latin]], Ancient Greek, Spanish or Italian; more or less rarely Dutch, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Ancient Hebrew, Turkish, Modern Greek, Portuguese or Polish).
** Music, visual or performing arts, literature
* Social sciences
** [[Political science]], [[history]], [[geography]], economics
** [[Psychology]], [[philosophy]], [[religion]], ethics
* Mathematics, natural sciences and technology
** [[Mathematics]], [[physics]], [[chemistry]], [[biology]]
** Computer science, [[technology]], nutritional science
* [[Sports]]

==Countries with gymnasium schools==
*[[Albania]] [[Gjimnaz]] 3 Years, after 9 years of primary (4) and "medium" (5) education, ends with [[Matura Shtetërore]] at the age of 18.
*[[Argentina]]: [[Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires]], 6 years; [[Rafael Hernández National College]] of [[La Plata]], 5 years (formerly 6 years), after 7 years of primary school; and Gymnasium Universidad Nacional de Tucumán 61 years.
*[[Austria]] 8 years, after 4 years of primary school, or 4 years, after primary school and 4 years of [[Hauptschule]], ends with [[Matura]] at the age of 18.
*[[Belarus]]
*[[Brazil]] [[Humboldt Schule of São Paulo]] is a German School in São Paulo. There are more Gymnasiums in the country and some of them receive recurses from German Government.
*[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (4 years, starting at age 14/15 after 9 years in [[elementary school]], ends with Matura)
*[[Bulgaria]] 5 years, after 7 years of primary school. Currently graduation after passing at least two Matriculation Examinations.
*[[Canada]] Generally called a private school.
*[[Colombia]] [[Gimnasio Campestre]] (all-male, traditional and conservative Pre-K to 11th grade private school located in Bogotá, Colombia).
*[[Croatia]] (4 years, starting at age 14/15 after 8 years in elementary school, five different educational tracks: ''opća gimnazija'' (general education), ''klasična gimnazija'' (focused on Latin and Ancient Greek), ''jezična gimnazija'' (focused on modern languages), ''prirodoslovna gimnazija'' (biology, chemistry, physics) and ''prirodoslovno-matematička gimnazija'' (mathematics, physics and computer science), ends with Matura). Students of all tracks have compulsory classes in Latin and English as well as in at least one additional foreign language (most commonly German, Italian, Spanish and French).
*[[Cyprus]] 3 years, starting at age 12 and following 6 years of Elementary School. Compulsory for all students. Followed by the non-mandatory [[Lyceum]] (ages 15–18) for students with academic aspirations or [[Vocational education|TEL]] for students who prefer vocational training.
*[[Czech Republic]] (4 years starting at age 15/16; 6 years starting at age 13/14(not usual); 8 years starting at age 11/12; all of them end with a [[Matura|Maturita]])
*[[Denmark]] 3 years (4 years for athletes who are part of the ''[[Team Danmark]]'' elite sports program, or musicians who have chosen ''MGK'' ("Musical Elementary Course")), usually starting after 10 or 11 years of [[Danish Folkeskole Education|primary school]]). This is more like a prep school or the first years of college than high school. Everyone is eligible to go to a US high school, but you have to be deemed competent to get into a gymnasium. (For more information, see ''[[Gymnasium (Denmark)]]''.) Gymnasium is also available in an intensive 2 year program leading to the [[Higher Preparatory Examination (HF)|''Højere Forberedelseseksamen'' ("Higher Preparatory Exam")]].
*[[Estonia]] (3 years, after 9 years of primary school)
*[[Faroe Islands]] 3 years, usually starting after 9 or 10 years of [[Faroese Fólkaskúli Education|primary school]]. The system is similar to the Danish system. A gymnasium level education is also available in an intensive 2 year programme leading to [[Higher Preparatory Examination (HF)|''Hægri fyrireikingarpróvtøka'' ("Higher Preparatory Exam")]].
*[[Finland]]: ''lukio'' (educational language is Finnish) or ''gymnasium'' (educational language is Swedish) takes 2–5 years (most students spend 3 years), after 9 years of primary school (''peruskoulu'' in Finnish, ''grundskola'' in Swedish); ''lukio'' starts usually in the autumn of the year when the student turns 16 and ends with [[abitur]] after passing the matriculation examination; ''lukio'' is not compulsory and its entrance is competitive.
*In [[Education in France|France]]: , called a ''[[Secondary education in France|lycée]]''.(3 years, after 4 years of primary school and 4 years of secondary school, age 15/18).The last year (''terminale''), you pass the ''[[baccalauréat]] to enter ''[[University|université]]'' (also called ''faculté'')
*[[Education in Greece|Greece]] 3 years, starting at age 12 after 6 years of Elementary School. Compulsory for all children, it is followed by the non-mandatory [[Lyceum]] (ages 15–18) for students with academic aspirations, or the Technical Vocational Educational School (TEL) for students who prefer [[Vocational education|vocational]] training.
*[[Hungary]] (4/6/8 years, starting after 8/6 /4 years of primary school, ends with Matura), see [[Education in Hungary]]
*[[Iceland]] (usually 4 years, starting at age 15/16 after 10 years of elementary school, though 3 years can also be chosen. If chosen, students at [[Menntaskólinn Hraðbraut]] finish the school in 2 years.)
*[[Israel]], five schools termed "gymnasium" located in [[Tel Aviv]], [[Rishon LeZion]], [[Jerusalem]] and [[Haifa]].
*[[Italy]], ''ginnasio'' is the name of the two first years of [[Liceo Classico]]
*[[Kosovo]] (3 years, after 9 years of primary school)
*[[Kyrgyzstan]] (7 years, after 5 years of primary school)
*[[Latvia]] (3 years, after 9 years of primary school)
*[[Liechtenstein]] (ends with Matura)
*[[Lithuania]] (4 years, after 4 years of primary school and 4 years of secondary school)
*[[Luxembourg]] (usually 7 years, starting at age 12-13 after 6 years of primary school)
*[[Republic of Macedonia]] (4 years, starting at age 14 after 8 years in elementary school, ends with Matura)
*[[Montenegro]] (4 years, starting at age 14/15 after 8 years in elementary school, 3 years for those who went in the elementary for 9 years, ends with Matura)
*[[Education in the Netherlands|Netherlands]] (6 years, starting at age 11-13, after 8 years of primary school. Prepares for admission to University. Gymnasia in the Netherlands have compulsory classes in Ancient Greek and Latin; the same high level secondary school without the classical languages is called "VWO" (Atheneum))
*[[Norway]] – the traditional but now discontinued gymnasium led to the completion of [[examen artium]]. This has now been succeeded by a 2, 3, or 4 year program ("videregående skole"), depending on course path taken, starting at the age of 15/16, culminating with an exam that qualifies for university matriculation ("studiekompetanse")
*[[Poland]] – ''gimnazjum'' is the name of Polish compulsory [[middle school]] lasting 3 years, starting at the age of 12/13, and following 6 years of [[primary school]]. ''Gimnazjum'' ends with a [[standardized test]]. Further education is encouraged, but optional and consists of either 3 years ''[[liceum ogólnokształcące|liceum]]'', 4 years ''[[technikum (Poland)|technikum]]'', or 2 to 3 years vocational school (which may be followed by a supplementary ''liceum'' or ''technikum'').
*[[Romania]] – 4 years, starting at age 10 ends with Diploma de Capacitate at the age of 14. Primary education lasts for four years. Secondary education consists in: 1) lower secondary school education organized in Gymnasium for grades 5 to 8 and lower cycle of Highschool or Arts and trades schools (vocational) for grades 9 and 10. 2) upper secondary school education organized in Ciclul superior al liceului for grades 11, 12 and 13 followed, if necessary, by an additional high school year for those who want to move from vocational training (grade 10) to upper secondary school education. High school education (lower cycle of high school and upper secondary school education) offers three different orientations (academic, technological, specialization).
*[[Russia]]
**[[Imperial Russia]]: since 1726, 8 years since 1871. Women gymnasiums since 1862; 7 years + optional 8th for specialisation in [[pedagogy]]. Progymnasiums: equivalent to 4 first years of gymnasium.
**[[Russian Federation]]: 6 or 7 years, after primary school. Nowadays Russian Gymnasiums specialize in a certain subject (or several subjects), especially in the humanities ([http://chelschool1.ru example])
*[[Serbia]] (4 years, starting at age 14/15 after 8 years in elementary/primary school. There are 3 types of gymnasiums: most commonly 1)general gymnasium (општа гимназија) which offers broad education in either 2) natural (природно-математички смер) or 3) social studies (друштвени смер), available all over Serbia, and a few specialised ones, i.e. science and mathematics (природно-математичка гимназија) -- only one in all of Serbia, in Belgrade; sports (спортска гиманзија) -- just two in Serbia; and language gymnasiums (филолошка гимназија) -- a total of four in Serbia. In the end, everyone has a final exam – Matura. A technical high school (including business/admin. assistant, i.e. економска школа), or a musical high school is a prerequisite for enrollment into a university. English and another foreign language (in addition to the mother tongue, and in case of minorities also Serbian, of course) are compulsory throughout.
*[[Slovakia]] (4 years starting at age 15 after completing 9 years of elementary school (more common); 8 years starting at age 11 after completing 5 years of elementary school; both end with [[Matura|Maturita]])
*[[Slovenia]] (4 years, starting at age 14/15, ends with Matura).
*[[South Africa]] ([[Paul Roos Gymnasium]] is a well known Gymnasium for boys in the town called Stellenbosch. The school is a boarding school, based on the classic British boarding schools, however it was more influenced by the Protestant faith, hence the German Gymnasium. Foreign languages such as [[German language|German]], French, Mandarin and Latin are studied, [[Afrikaans]] and English are compulsory. School in South Africa: 5 years, starting at age 13/14, at a secondary institution, after 7 years of primary school, ends with Matric).
*[[Sweden]] Upper secondary school in Sweden lasts for three years (formerly four years on some programmes). "Gymnasium" is the word used to describe this stage of the education system in Sweden. The [[National Agency for Education (Sweden)|National Agency of Education]] has decided that ''gymnasium'' is equivalent to the international upper secondary school. The gymnasium is optional and follows after nine years in elementary school. However, the Swedish term "högskola" (translated to "high school") may cause some confusion. It is in Swedish used almost synonymously to "university", with the only difference being that universities have the right to issue doctoral examinations. A högskola is often located in cities with lower population.
*[[Switzerland]] (usually 3–4 years after 9 years of compulsory schooling (primary and secondary I); in some cantons it is also possible to attend a so-called "Langzeitgymnasium" which lasts 6 years, following a six-year primary schooling; the Gymnasium ends with Matura at the age of 18/19).
*[[Ukraine]] (8 years, starting after 4 years of [[primary school]]).
*[[United Kingdom]]: historically, [[Grammar schools in the United Kingdom|grammar schools]] have been the English equivalent of the gymnasium, selecting pupils on the basis of academic ability and educating them with the assumption that they would go on to study at a [[university]]; such schools were largely phased out under the [[Harold Wilson|Wilson]] and [[Edward Heath|Heath]] governments, with less than 5% of pupils now attending grammar schools, and the UK now has no widespread equivalent of the gymnasium. The exception is [[Northern Ireland]] and parts of England including the counties of [[Buckinghamshire]], [[Lincolnshire]] and [[Kent]] which retained the system. Many private, fee-paying [[independent school (United Kingdom)|independent school]]s, including all those commonly referred to as "public" schools, seek to fulfil a similar role to the state grammar school if the scholar has the ability (and thus to the gymnasium in other countries).
*United States
**[[Public school (government funded)|Public school]]: As school districts continue to experiment with educational styles, the [[magnet school]] has become a popular type of [[high school]]. [[Boston Latin School]] and [[Central High School (Philadelphia)]] are both the oldest public schools in the country, and the oldest magnet schools. As the concept has not become entrenched in the various American educational systems, due partly to the [[Federation|federal]], rather than unitary style of education in the US, the term may vary among states.
**[[Private school]]: The equivalent among private schools is the [[University-preparatory school|preparatory school]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:School types]]
[[Category:Gymnasiums (school)]]
[[Category:Secondary education]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Austria]]
[[Category:German history]]
[[Category:European history]]
[[Category:German language]]
[[Category:Academics]]
[[de:Gymnasium]]