Hans von Euler-Chelpin - Revision history

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	==Life==		==Life==
	[[File:Augsburg, Ulrichsplatz 15, birthplace of Nobel Prize laureate Hans von Euler-Chelpin.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|310px\|Hans was born in Augsburg, Ulrichsplatz 15. His birthplace was one of only a few buildings to survive the [[Bombing of Germany during World War II\|19th bombing of Augsburg]] in the night from 25 to 26 February 1944. Hans von Euler spent his childhood and youth in Penzing Castle near Wasserburg am Inn, in Munich, in Würzburg and in Ulm. After skipping the penultimate grade, he completed his schooling in 1890 with [[Abitur]] at the Wilhelms-Gymnasium in Munich. After only five semesters in Berlin, he received his Ph.D.]]		[[File:Augsburg, Ulrichsplatz 15, birthplace of Nobel Prize laureate Hans von Euler-Chelpin.png\|thumb\|310px\|Hans was born in Augsburg, Ulrichsplatz 15. His birthplace was one of only a few buildings to survive the [[Bombing of Germany during World War II\|19th bombing of Augsburg]] in the night from 25 to 26 February 1944. Hans von Euler spent his childhood and youth in Penzing Castle near Wasserburg am Inn, in Munich, in Würzburg and in Ulm. After skipping the penultimate grade, he completed his schooling in 1890 with [[Abitur]] at the Wilhelms-Gymnasium in Munich. After only five semesters in Berlin, he received his Ph.D.]]
	[[File:Absturz des AEG G Bombenflugzeuges von Hauptmann Hans von Euler-Chelpin (Bomberstaffel 27) am 15 June 1918.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|310px\|Crash of the AEG G bomber plane of [[commandant]] Captain von Euler-Chelpin (Bomber Squadron 27) on 15 June 1918; the three-man crew survived uninjured.]]		[[File:Absturz des AEG G Bombenflugzeuges von Hauptmann Hans von Euler-Chelpin (Bomberstaffel 27) am 15 June 1918.png\|thumb\|310px\|Crash of the AEG G bomber plane of [[commandant]] Captain von Euler-Chelpin (Bomber Squadron 27) on 15 June 1918; the three-man crew survived uninjured.]]
	[[File:Hans von Euler-Chelpin IV.~~jpg~~\|right\|320px]]		[[File:Hans von Euler-Chelpin IV.png\|right\|320px]]
	[[File:Hans von Euler-Chelpin V.~~jpg~~\|right\|320px]]		[[File:Hans von Euler-Chelpin V.png\|right\|320px]]
	===Biography===		===Biography===
	: ''Euler-Chelpin attended schools in Munich, Wurzburg, and Ulm, then from 1891 [other sources state 1892] to 1893 studied art at the Munich Academy of Painting. His concern with the theory of colors caused him to become interested in the spectrum, and he turned his attention to science. Euler-Chelpin enrolled at the then University of Berlin, where he studied physics under Emil Warburg and Max Planck and organic chemistry under Emil Fischer and A. Rosenheim. During the next two years he worked with W. Nernst in Gottingen. In the summer of 1897 he became an assistant to Svante Arrhenius in Stockholm, where he qualified as Privatdozent in physical chemistry at the University of Stockholm in 1898; he spent the summers of 1899 and 1900 with J. H. van't Hoff in Berlin. Until this time Euler-Chelpin had concentrated on physical chemistry, a subject being developed with much enthusiasm in Germany and Sweden. He now turned toward organic chemistry, visiting the laboratories of Arthur Hantzsch at Wurzburg and Leipzig and Johannes Thiele at Strasbourg. He began research in the field at this time, partly in collaboration with his wife. His visits to the laboratories of E. Buchner in Berlin and G. Bertrand in Paris reflected a developing interest in fermentation. He became professor of general and organic chemistry at the University of Stockholm in 1906. All of his remaining professional work was carried out in Sweden, of which country he became a citizen in 1902. Nevertheless, in World War I he reported for service in the German army, serving in the artillery and, after 1915, in the air force. In the winter of 1916-1917 he was assigned to a military mission in Turkey to stimulate production of munitions and alcohol. He then returned to the air force, where he became commander of a bomber squadron. During this period he had an arrangement with the University of Stockholm that permitted him to compress his teaching activities into a half year. During World War II Euler-Chelpin again made himself available to Germany, but in a diplomatic capacity. In 1929 Euler-Chelpin became director of the Vitamin Institute and Institute of Biochemistry founded at the University of Stockholm through the joint support of the Kurt and Alice Wallenburg Foundation and the International Education Board of the Rockefeller Foundation. In 1941 he retired from teaching but continued his research activities almost to the end of his life. Euler-Chelpin’s early interest in inorganic catalysis was soon transferred to biochemical studies and particularly to the enzymes associated with fermentation. His studies on the chemistry of plants led him to concentrate his interest on those fungi that lend themselves to the study of metabolic problems. His studies on vitamins were not really a diversion; most of this work contributed to the understanding of enzyme cofactors. His late work on cancer was also an extension of his work on enzymes. The work for which Euler-Chelpin received the Nobel Prize in 1929 was closely associated with Buchner’s discovery that cell-free yeast juice was still able to ferment sugar, and the observation by Harden and Young that such juice, when passed through an ultrafilter, was separated into two fractions, neither of which alone had the power to ferment sugar but which on mixing again showed normal fermenting activity. Euler-Chelpin studied the low molecular weight fraction - named cozymase - for more than a decade, starting in 1923. By 1929 he and his associates, particularly K. Myrback and R. Nilsson, had clarified the role of cozymase in fermentation. Harden had shown that phosphoric acid played a role in fermentation by giving rise to certain sugar phosphates. Euler-Chelpin and Nilsson developed the use of inhibitors whereby certain stages in enzyme-catalyzed reactions can be blocked by use of a toxic substance, using fluoride to block that phase of fer-mentation in which cozymase functions. With Myrback, Euler-Chelpin showed that when glucose reacts with phosphoric acid it splits into two three-carbon fragments, one of which remains combined with phosphate. The two other fragments then combine to form glucose diphosphate, while the non- phosphorylated fragment undergoes further degradation. The reaction thereby shows that the sugar molecule undergoing fermentation splits into an energy-rich and an energy-poor fragment. Euler-Chelpin also investigated the chemical nature of cozymase. Although cozymase is widely distributed in the plant and animal world, Euler-Chelpin and his associates found yeast to be the most practical source for its preparation. Starting with a crude extract having 200 units of activity, they concentrated this into a product having a specific activity of 85,000 units. This product corresponded to a nucleotide, containing sugar, a purine base, and a phosphate; it was clearly related to adenylic acid, which had been isolated by others from muscle. When Warburg showed nicotinamide to be a cofactor in erythrocytes, Euler-Chelpin tested for nicotinamide in cozymase with positive results. Soon thereafter Euler-Chelpin, Fritz Schlenk, and their co-workers showed the chemical structure of cozymase to be that of diphos- phopyridine nucleotide (DPN). In his work on vitamins, Euler-Chelpin assisted in clarifying the role of nicotinamide and thiamine (Bt) in metabolically active compounds. Somewhat earlier, in association with the Swiss chemist Paul Karrer, he had helped clarify the vitamin A activity of the carotenoid pigments. His work on tumors dealt particularly with the role of nucleic acids.''<ref>[https://prabook.com/web/hans.von_euler-chelpin/3755178 Hans von Euler-Chelpin]</ref>		: ''Euler-Chelpin attended schools in Munich, Wurzburg, and Ulm, then from 1891 [other sources state 1892] to 1893 studied art at the Munich Academy of Painting. His concern with the theory of colors caused him to become interested in the spectrum, and he turned his attention to science. Euler-Chelpin enrolled at the then University of Berlin, where he studied physics under Emil Warburg and Max Planck and organic chemistry under Emil Fischer and A. Rosenheim. During the next two years he worked with W. Nernst in Gottingen. In the summer of 1897 he became an assistant to Svante Arrhenius in Stockholm, where he qualified as Privatdozent in physical chemistry at the University of Stockholm in 1898; he spent the summers of 1899 and 1900 with J. H. van't Hoff in Berlin. Until this time Euler-Chelpin had concentrated on physical chemistry, a subject being developed with much enthusiasm in Germany and Sweden. He now turned toward organic chemistry, visiting the laboratories of Arthur Hantzsch at Wurzburg and Leipzig and Johannes Thiele at Strasbourg. He began research in the field at this time, partly in collaboration with his wife. His visits to the laboratories of E. Buchner in Berlin and G. Bertrand in Paris reflected a developing interest in fermentation. He became professor of general and organic chemistry at the University of Stockholm in 1906. All of his remaining professional work was carried out in Sweden, of which country he became a citizen in 1902. Nevertheless, in World War I he reported for service in the German army, serving in the artillery and, after 1915, in the air force. In the winter of 1916-1917 he was assigned to a military mission in Turkey to stimulate production of munitions and alcohol. He then returned to the air force, where he became commander of a bomber squadron. During this period he had an arrangement with the University of Stockholm that permitted him to compress his teaching activities into a half year. During World War II Euler-Chelpin again made himself available to Germany, but in a diplomatic capacity. In 1929 Euler-Chelpin became director of the Vitamin Institute and Institute of Biochemistry founded at the University of Stockholm through the joint support of the Kurt and Alice Wallenburg Foundation and the International Education Board of the Rockefeller Foundation. In 1941 he retired from teaching but continued his research activities almost to the end of his life. Euler-Chelpin’s early interest in inorganic catalysis was soon transferred to biochemical studies and particularly to the enzymes associated with fermentation. His studies on the chemistry of plants led him to concentrate his interest on those fungi that lend themselves to the study of metabolic problems. His studies on vitamins were not really a diversion; most of this work contributed to the understanding of enzyme cofactors. His late work on cancer was also an extension of his work on enzymes. The work for which Euler-Chelpin received the Nobel Prize in 1929 was closely associated with Buchner’s discovery that cell-free yeast juice was still able to ferment sugar, and the observation by Harden and Young that such juice, when passed through an ultrafilter, was separated into two fractions, neither of which alone had the power to ferment sugar but which on mixing again showed normal fermenting activity. Euler-Chelpin studied the low molecular weight fraction - named cozymase - for more than a decade, starting in 1923. By 1929 he and his associates, particularly K. Myrback and R. Nilsson, had clarified the role of cozymase in fermentation. Harden had shown that phosphoric acid played a role in fermentation by giving rise to certain sugar phosphates. Euler-Chelpin and Nilsson developed the use of inhibitors whereby certain stages in enzyme-catalyzed reactions can be blocked by use of a toxic substance, using fluoride to block that phase of fer-mentation in which cozymase functions. With Myrback, Euler-Chelpin showed that when glucose reacts with phosphoric acid it splits into two three-carbon fragments, one of which remains combined with phosphate. The two other fragments then combine to form glucose diphosphate, while the non- phosphorylated fragment undergoes further degradation. The reaction thereby shows that the sugar molecule undergoing fermentation splits into an energy-rich and an energy-poor fragment. Euler-Chelpin also investigated the chemical nature of cozymase. Although cozymase is widely distributed in the plant and animal world, Euler-Chelpin and his associates found yeast to be the most practical source for its preparation. Starting with a crude extract having 200 units of activity, they concentrated this into a product having a specific activity of 85,000 units. This product corresponded to a nucleotide, containing sugar, a purine base, and a phosphate; it was clearly related to adenylic acid, which had been isolated by others from muscle. When Warburg showed nicotinamide to be a cofactor in erythrocytes, Euler-Chelpin tested for nicotinamide in cozymase with positive results. Soon thereafter Euler-Chelpin, Fritz Schlenk, and their co-workers showed the chemical structure of cozymase to be that of diphos- phopyridine nucleotide (DPN). In his work on vitamins, Euler-Chelpin assisted in clarifying the role of nicotinamide and thiamine (Bt) in metabolically active compounds. Somewhat earlier, in association with the Swiss chemist Paul Karrer, he had helped clarify the vitamin A activity of the carotenoid pigments. His work on tumors dealt particularly with the role of nucleic acids.''<ref>[https://prabook.com/web/hans.von_euler-chelpin/3755178 Hans von Euler-Chelpin]</ref>
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	==Awards, decorations and honours==		==Awards, decorations and honours==
	[[File:Hans von Euler-Chelpin III.~~jpg~~\|right\|315px]]		[[File:Hans von Euler-Chelpin III.png\|right\|315px]]
	* Military Merit Order (Bavaria), 4th Class with Swords on 15 January 1915<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010803958&seq=197&q1=euler&start=1 ''Verordnungs-Blatt des Königlich Bayerischen Kriegsministeriums''], January to June 1915, p. 185</ref>		* Military Merit Order (Bavaria), 4th Class with Swords on 15 January 1915<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010803958&seq=197&q1=euler&start=1 ''Verordnungs-Blatt des Königlich Bayerischen Kriegsministeriums''], January to June 1915, p. 185</ref>
	* [[Iron Cross]] (1914), 2nd and 1st Class		* [[Iron Cross]] (1914), 2nd and 1st Class

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	~~[[Category:Swedish]]~~
	[[Category:scientists]]		[[Category:scientists]]
	[[Category:Biochemists]]		[[Category:Biochemists]]

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	[[Category:Aviators]]		[[Category:Aviators]]
	~~[[Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni]]~~


	[[Category:Nobel laureates]]		[[Category:Nobel laureates]]

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	* Member of the German Academy of Aviation Research in Berlin (1936–1945)		* Member of the German Academy of Aviation Research in Berlin (1936–1945)
	* Member of the Reich Association of Sweden and Germany (1937)		* Member of the Reich Association of Sweden and Germany (1937)
	** The ''Riksföreningen Sverige-Tyskland'' was a very [[germanophile]] ~~nationalist~~ academic association in Sweden with 5,689 members, among them Ivar Broman, Gottfrid Carlsson, Efraim Liljequist, Herman Nilsson-Ehle, Carl Wilhelm von Sydow (father of Max von Sydow), Sune Bergström, Carl Milles, Hjalmar Frisk, Verner von Heidenstam, [[Sven Hedin]] Karl Olivecrona, Hialmar Rendahl and Ivar Tengbom.		** The ''Riksföreningen Sverige-Tyskland'' was a very [[germanophile]] fascist academic association in Sweden with 5,689 members, among them Ivar Broman, Gottfrid Carlsson, Efraim Liljequist, Herman Nilsson-Ehle, Carl Wilhelm von Sydow (father of Max von Sydow), Sune Bergström, Carl Milles, Hjalmar Frisk, Verner von Heidenstam, [[Sven Hedin]] Karl Olivecrona, Hialmar Rendahl and Ivar Tengbom.
	* Corresponding Member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences (1942)		* Corresponding Member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences (1942)
	* Corresponding Member of the Académie des sciences de l’Institut de France		* Corresponding Member of the Académie des sciences de l’Institut de France

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	~~[[Category:the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]~~

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	~~[[Category:the Cross of Honor]]~~
	[[Category:the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]		[[Category:the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]

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	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist\|2}}		{{reflist\|2}}
	~~[[Categoryxxx]]~~
	~~[[Categoryxxx]]~~
	[[Category:nobility]]		[[Category:nobility]]
	[[Category:Swedish]]		[[Category:Swedish]]

Hans von Euler-Chelpin - Revision history

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