History of the jews in Germany - Revision history

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	[[Category:Zionism]]		[[Category:Zionism]]
	~~[[de:Geschichte der Juden]]~~

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹 moved page History of the Jews in Germany to History of the jews in Germany: Text replacement - "Jew" to "jew"

2024-02-25T08:35:18Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹 moved page History of the Jews in Germany to History of the jews in Germany: Text replacement - "Jew" to "jew"

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2024-02-22T23:12:59Z

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𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Jew" to "jew"

2024-02-21T00:45:58Z

Text replacement - "Jew" to "jew"

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𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "nationalist" to "fascist"

2024-02-16T00:16:55Z

Text replacement - "nationalist" to "fascist"

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	[[File:1920 poster 12,000 Jewish soldiers KIA for the fatherland (1).jpg\|thumb\|200px\|A leaflet (also as posters) published in 1920 by German Jewish veterans of the [[Imperial German Army]] from the ''Reichsbund'' in response to accusations of lack of patriotism: ''"To the German mothers! 12,000 Jewish soldiers died on the field of honor for the [[Vaterland]]. Christian and Jewish heroes fought together and rest together in foreign soil. 12,000 Jews fell in battle! Blind, enraged political paryt hatred does not stop at the graves of the dead. [[German women]], do not allow that the Jewish mother be mocked in her pain!"'']]		[[File:1920 poster 12,000 Jewish soldiers KIA for the fatherland (1).jpg\|thumb\|200px\|A leaflet (also as posters) published in 1920 by German Jewish veterans of the [[Imperial German Army]] from the ''Reichsbund'' in response to accusations of lack of patriotism: ''"To the German mothers! 12,000 Jewish soldiers died on the field of honor for the [[Vaterland]]. Christian and Jewish heroes fought together and rest together in foreign soil. 12,000 Jews fell in battle! Blind, enraged political paryt hatred does not stop at the graves of the dead. [[German women]], do not allow that the Jewish mother be mocked in her pain!"'']]
	[[File:Walter Rathenau.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|[[Walther Rathenau]], Jewish industrialist and Foreign Minister of Germany, was a proponent of Jewish assimilation until his assassination by right-wing ~~nationalists~~ in 1922]]		[[File:Walter Rathenau.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|[[Walther Rathenau]], Jewish industrialist and Foreign Minister of Germany, was a proponent of Jewish assimilation until his assassination by right-wing fascists in 1922]]
	In response to [[the Enlightenment]] and the emancipation, elements within German Jewry sought to reform Jewish belief and practice, starting the Jewish [[Reform Judaism\|Reform Movement]]. In light of modern scholarship, these German Jews denied divine authorship of the [[Torah]], declared only those [[Bible\|biblical laws]] concerning ethics to be binding, and stated that the rest of [[halakha]] (Jewish law) need no longer be viewed as normative. [[Circumcision]] was abandoned, [[rabbi]]s wore vestments modeled after Protestant ministers, and instrumental accompaniment—banned in Jewish Sabbath worship since the destruction of the [[Second Temple]] in 70 CE—reappeared in Reform synagogues, most often in the form of a pipe organ. The traditional [[Hebrew language\|Hebrew]] prayer book (the [[Siddur]]) was replaced with a [[German language\|German]] text which truncated or altogether excised most parts of the traditional service. Reform synagogues began to be called ''temples'', a term reserved in more traditional Judaism for the [[Temple in Jerusalem]]. The practice of [[Kashrut]] (keeping kosher) was abandoned as an impediment to spirituality. The early Reform movement renounced [[Zionism]] and declared [[Germany]] to be its new Zion. This anti-Zionist view is no longer held; see below. One of the most important figures in the history of Reform Judaism is the radical reformer [[Samuel Holdheim]].		In response to [[the Enlightenment]] and the emancipation, elements within German Jewry sought to reform Jewish belief and practice, starting the Jewish [[Reform Judaism\|Reform Movement]]. In light of modern scholarship, these German Jews denied divine authorship of the [[Torah]], declared only those [[Bible\|biblical laws]] concerning ethics to be binding, and stated that the rest of [[halakha]] (Jewish law) need no longer be viewed as normative. [[Circumcision]] was abandoned, [[rabbi]]s wore vestments modeled after Protestant ministers, and instrumental accompaniment—banned in Jewish Sabbath worship since the destruction of the [[Second Temple]] in 70 CE—reappeared in Reform synagogues, most often in the form of a pipe organ. The traditional [[Hebrew language\|Hebrew]] prayer book (the [[Siddur]]) was replaced with a [[German language\|German]] text which truncated or altogether excised most parts of the traditional service. Reform synagogues began to be called ''temples'', a term reserved in more traditional Judaism for the [[Temple in Jerusalem]]. The practice of [[Kashrut]] (keeping kosher) was abandoned as an impediment to spirituality. The early Reform movement renounced [[Zionism]] and declared [[Germany]] to be its new Zion. This anti-Zionist view is no longer held; see below. One of the most important figures in the history of Reform Judaism is the radical reformer [[Samuel Holdheim]].

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	In Germany, "[[Holocaust denial]]" is illegal (§130 StGB); violations can be punished with up to five years of prison.<ref>[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1833619,00.html No Room for Holocaust Denial in Germany], [[Deutsche Welle]].</ref> The Interior Minister of Germany, [[Wolfgang Schaeuble]], points out the official policy of Germany: “We will not tolerate any form of extremism, xenophobia or anti-Semitism.”<ref name="bbcwolfgang">{{cite web		In Germany, "[[Holocaust denial]]" is illegal (§130 StGB); violations can be punished with up to five years of prison.<ref>[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1833619,00.html No Room for Holocaust Denial in Germany], [[Deutsche Welle]].</ref> The Interior Minister of Germany, [[Wolfgang Schaeuble]], points out the official policy of Germany: “We will not tolerate any form of extremism, xenophobia or anti-Semitism.”<ref name="bbcwolfgang">{{cite web
	\|title=BBC NEWS \| Europe \| Germans warned of ~~nationalist~~ surge		\|title=BBC NEWS \| Europe \| Germans warned of fascist surge
	\|accessdate=2007-06-06		\|accessdate=2007-06-06
	\|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5005472.stm		\|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5005472.stm
	}}</ref> Although the number of right-wing groups and organisations grew from 141 (2001)<ref name=bundesamt1>Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz. Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. [http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/download/SHOW/vsbericht_2003.pdf Verfassungsschutzbericht 2003]. Annual Report. 2003, Page 29</ref> to 182 (2006),<ref name="bundesamt2">[[Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz]]. Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. [http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/download/de/publikationen/verfassungsschutzbericht/vsbericht_2006/vsbericht_2006.pdf Verfassungsschutzbericht 2006. Annual Report]. 2006, Page 51</ref> especially in the formerly communist East Germany,<ref name="bbcwolfgang" /><ref>[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2214527,00.html German Jewish Leader Says Right-wing Violence Recalls 1930s], [[Deutsche Welle]].</ref><ref>[http://www.ifcj.org/site/News2?id=13865 Jewish leader: Attacks just like Hitler era]</ref> Germany’s measures against right- wing groups and antisemitism are effective: according to the annual reports of the [[Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz\|Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution]] the overall number of far-right extremists in Germany has dropped in recent years from 49,700 (2001),<ref name=bundesamt1/> 45,000 (2002),<ref name=bundesamt1/> 41,500 (2003),<ref name=bundesamt1/> 40,700 (2004),<ref name=bundesamt2/> 39,000 (2005),<ref name=bundesamt2/> to 38,600 in 2006<ref name=bundesamt2/>. Germany provided several million euros to fund “nationwide programs aimed at fighting far-right extremism, including teams of traveling consultants, and victims’ groups”.<ref name="ihtassociated">		}}</ref> Although the number of right-wing groups and organisations grew from 141 (2001)<ref name=bundesamt1>Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz. Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. [http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/download/SHOW/vsbericht_2003.pdf Verfassungsschutzbericht 2003]. Annual Report. 2003, Page 29</ref> to 182 (2006),<ref name="bundesamt2">[[Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz]]. Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. [http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/download/de/publikationen/verfassungsschutzbericht/vsbericht_2006/vsbericht_2006.pdf Verfassungsschutzbericht 2006. Annual Report]. 2006, Page 51</ref> especially in the formerly communist East Germany,<ref name="bbcwolfgang" /><ref>[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2214527,00.html German Jewish Leader Says Right-wing Violence Recalls 1930s], [[Deutsche Welle]].</ref><ref>[http://www.ifcj.org/site/News2?id=13865 Jewish leader: Attacks just like Hitler era]</ref> Germany’s measures against right- wing groups and antisemitism are effective: according to the annual reports of the [[Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz\|Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution]] the overall number of far-right extremists in Germany has dropped in recent years from 49,700 (2001),<ref name=bundesamt1/> 45,000 (2002),<ref name=bundesamt1/> 41,500 (2003),<ref name=bundesamt1/> 40,700 (2004),<ref name=bundesamt2/> 39,000 (2005),<ref name=bundesamt2/> to 38,600 in 2006<ref name=bundesamt2/>. Germany provided several million euros to fund “nationwide programs aimed at fighting far-right extremism, including teams of traveling consultants, and victims’ groups”.<ref name="ihtassociated">
	[[The Associated Press]]. “[http://web.archive.org/web/20071015083617/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/10/22/europe/EU_GEN_Germany_Neo_Nazis.php Berlin police say 16 arrested during ~~nationalist~~ demonstration.]” ''[[International Herald Tribune]]''. October 22, 2006</ref> Despite these facts, Israeli Ambassador Shimon Stein warned in October 2006 that Jews in Germany feel increasingly unsafe, stating that they “are not able to live a normal Jewish life” and that heavy security surrounds most synagogues or Jewish community centers.<ref name=ihtassociated/> Yosef Havlin, Rabbi at the Chabad Lubavitch in Frankfurt, does not agree with the Israeli Ambassador and states in an interview with ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' in September 2007 that the German public does not support far-right groups; instead, he has personally experienced the support of Germans, and as a Jew and rabbi he “feels welcome in his (hometown) Frankfurt, he is not afraid, the city is not a no-go-area”.<ref>''Der Spiegel'': [http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,505159,00.html “''Wir dürfen uns auf keinen Fall verstecken''”]. September 12, 2007</ref>		[[The Associated Press]]. “[http://web.archive.org/web/20071015083617/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/10/22/europe/EU_GEN_Germany_Neo_Nazis.php Berlin police say 16 arrested during fascist demonstration.]” ''[[International Herald Tribune]]''. October 22, 2006</ref> Despite these facts, Israeli Ambassador Shimon Stein warned in October 2006 that Jews in Germany feel increasingly unsafe, stating that they “are not able to live a normal Jewish life” and that heavy security surrounds most synagogues or Jewish community centers.<ref name=ihtassociated/> Yosef Havlin, Rabbi at the Chabad Lubavitch in Frankfurt, does not agree with the Israeli Ambassador and states in an interview with ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' in September 2007 that the German public does not support far-right groups; instead, he has personally experienced the support of Germans, and as a Jew and rabbi he “feels welcome in his (hometown) Frankfurt, he is not afraid, the city is not a no-go-area”.<ref>''Der Spiegel'': [http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,505159,00.html “''Wir dürfen uns auf keinen Fall verstecken''”]. September 12, 2007</ref>

	A flagship moment for the burgeoning Jewish community in modern Germany occurred on [[9 November]] 2006 (the 68th anniversary of [[Kristallnacht]]), when the newly constructed [[Ohel Jakob synagogue]] was dedicated in [[Munich]], Germany.<ref>[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2230576,00.html New Munich Synagogue Opens on National socialist Persecution Anniversary], [[Deutsche Welle]], [[2006-11-09]].</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070508211046/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/09/europe/EU_GEN_Germany_Synagogue_Of_Hope.php New Munich synagogue symbolizes German Jew's growing presence, confidence]</ref> This is particularly crucial given the fact that Munich was once at the ideological heart of [[Germany]].		A flagship moment for the burgeoning Jewish community in modern Germany occurred on [[9 November]] 2006 (the 68th anniversary of [[Kristallnacht]]), when the newly constructed [[Ohel Jakob synagogue]] was dedicated in [[Munich]], Germany.<ref>[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2230576,00.html New Munich Synagogue Opens on National socialist Persecution Anniversary], [[Deutsche Welle]], [[2006-11-09]].</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070508211046/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/09/europe/EU_GEN_Germany_Synagogue_Of_Hope.php New Munich synagogue symbolizes German Jew's growing presence, confidence]</ref> This is particularly crucial given the fact that Munich was once at the ideological heart of [[Germany]].

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	{{reflist\|2}}		{{reflist\|2}}

	~~[[Category:Jews in Germany\|#]]~~
	~~[[Category:Jewish German history]]~~
	[[Category:Zionism]]		[[Category:Zionism]]
	[[de:Geschichte der Juden]]		[[de:Geschichte der Juden]]

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	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist\|2}}

	[[Category:Jews in Germany\|#]]		[[Category:Jews in Germany\|#]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: 1 revision imported

2024-02-06T22:40:58Z

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en>Crusader at 20:45, 1 December 2023

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