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{{Infobox scientist
| name =John Robison
| image =John Robison.png
| image_size = 300px
| caption =Contemporary portrait of John Robison
| birth_date ={{birth date|1739|2|4}}
| birth_place =Boghall, [[Baldernock]], [[Stirlingshire]]
| death_date = {{death date|1805|1|30}}
| residence =
| nationality = [[Scotland|Scottish]]
| citizenship = Great Britain
| field =[[Physics]], [[Mathematics]], [[Chemistry]]
| work_institution = [[Glasgow University]], [[Edinburgh University]]
| alma_mater = [[Glasgow University]]
| footnotes = Residential Member of the Edinburgh Philosophical Society<br>Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] (1783)<br>Member of the [[Glasgow Literary Society]]
}}
'''John Robison''' [[FRSE]] (4 February 1739 – 30 January 1805) was a British physicist and mathematician of [[Scotland|Scottish]] descent. He was a [[professor]] of [[philosophy]] at the [[University of Edinburgh]].

A member of the Edinburgh Philosophical Society when it received its royal warrant, he was appointed as the first General Secretary to the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] (1783-98). Robison invented the [[Siren (noisemaker)|siren]] and also worked with [[James Watt]] on an early [[steam car]]. Following the [[French Revolution]], Robison became disenchanted with elements of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. He authored ''Proofs of a Conspiracy'' in 1797—a polemic accusing Freemasonry of being infiltrated by [[Adam Weishaupt|Weishaupt]]'s Order of the [[Illuminati]].

His son was the inventor [[Sir John Robison]] (1778-1843).

== Life==
=== The physicist ===
The son of John Robison, a Glasgow merchant, he was born in Boghall, [[Baldernock]], [[Stirlingshire]] (now East Dunbartonshire) and attended [[Glasgow Grammar School]] and the [[University of Glasgow]] (MA 1756).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/fellowship/fells_indexp2.pdf|title=Former RSE Fellows 1783–2002|publisher=[[Royal Society of Edinburgh]]|accessdate=22 September 2010}}</ref> After a brief stay in London in 1758, Robison joined the [[Royal Navy]] as a [[midshipman]] (he became the tutor to the midshipman son of Admiral Knowles), and accompanied [[Thomas Wolfe (18th Century)|Thomas Wolfe]] on his expedition to Quebec and Portugal (1756-62). His [[mathematics|mathematical]] skills were employed in [[navigation]] and [[surveying]]. Returning to [[England]] in 1762, he joined the [[Board of Longitude]] — a team of scientists who tested [[John Harrison]]’s [[marine chronometer]] on a voyage to [[Jamaica]].

On his return he settled in Glasgow engaging in the [[practical science]] of [[James Watt]] and [[Joseph Black]] in opposition to the systematic continental European chemistry of [[Antoine Lavoisier]] and its adherents such as [[Joseph Priestly]]. In 1766, he succeeded Black as Professor of Chemistry at the University of Glasgow.

In 1769, he announced that balls with like electrical charges repel each other with a force that varies as the inverse-squared of the distance between them, anticipating [[Coulomb's law]] of 1785.<ref>John Robison, ''A System of Mechanical Philosophy'' (London, England: John Murray, 1822), vol. 4. On page 68, the author states that in 1769 he announced his findings regarding the force between spheres of like charge. On [http://books.google.com/books?id=8pRDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false page 73], the author states the force between spheres of like charge varies as x<sup>-2.06</sup>.</ref>

In 1770 he travelled to [[Saint Petersburg]] as the Secretary of Admiral [[Sir Charles Knowles, 1st Baronet|Charles Knowles]], where he taught [[mathematics]] to the cadets at the [[Russian Naval Academy|Naval Academy]] at [[Cronstadt]], obtaining a double salary and the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.

Robison returned to Scotland in 1773 and took up the post of Professor of [[Natural Philosophy]] at the [[University of Edinburgh]]. He lectured on [[mechanics]], [[hydrostatics]], [[astronomy]], [[optics]], [[electricity]] and [[magnetism]]. His conception of [[mechanical philosophy]]’ became influential in nineteenth-century British physics. His name appears in the 1776 "Minute Book of [[The Poker Club]]", a crucible of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]]. In 1783 he became General Secretary of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] and in 1797 his articles for the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica Third Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' gave a good account of the scientific, mathematical and technological knowledge of the day. He also prepared for publication, in 1799, the chemical lectures of his friend and mentor, [[Joseph Black]].

Robison worked with [[James Watt]] on an early [[steam car]]. This project came to nothing and has no direct connection to Watt's later improvement of the [[Newcomen steam engine]]. He along with Joseph Black and others gave evidence about Watt's originality and their own lack of connection to his key idea of the Separate Condenser.

Robison did however invent the [[Siren (noisemaker)|siren]], though it was [[Charles Cagniard de la Tour]] who named it after producing an improved model.

=== The conspiracy theorist ===

Towards the end of his life, he became an enthusiastic [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theorist]], publishing ''Proofs of a Conspiracy ...'' in 1797, alleging clandestine intrigue by the ''[[Illuminati]]'' and [[Freemasonry|Freemasons]] (the work's full title was ''Proofs of a Conspiracy against all the Religions and Governments of Europe, carried on in the secret meetings of Freemasons, Illuminati and Reading Societies''). The [[secret agent]] monk, [[Alexander Horn]] provided much of the material for Robison's allegations.<ref name="ODNB1">Mark Dilworth, ‘Horn, Alexander (1762–1820)’, [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]], Oxford University Press, 2004</ref> French priest [[Augustin Barruel|Abbé Barruel]] independently developed similar views that the ''Illuminati'' had infiltrated [[Grand Orient de France|Continental Freemasonry]], leading to the excesses of the [[French Revolution]]. In 1798, the [[Reverend G. W. Snyder]] sent Robison's book to [[George Washington]] for his thoughts on the subject in which he replied to him in his [http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=WasFi36.xml&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=388&division=div1 Letter to the Reverend G. W. Snyder (24 October 1798)].

Modern conspiracy theorists like [[Nesta Webster]], [[Gerald Winrod]] and [[William Guy Carr]] believe that Robison's book described what the Illuminati may have started was the template for the subversion of otherwise benign organizations by radical groups through the 19th and 20th centuries. [[Spiritual Counterfeits Project]] editor [[Tal Brooke]] has compared the views of ''Proofs of a Conspiracy'' with those found in [[Carroll Quigley]]'s ''Tragedy and Hope'' ([[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]], 1966). Brooke suggests that the [[New World Order (conspiracy theory)|New World Order]], which Robison believed [[Adam Weishaupt]] (founder of the Illuminati) had in part accomplished through the infiltration of Freemasonry, will now be completed by those holding sway over the international banking system (e.g., by means of the [[Rothschilds]]' banks, the U.S. [[Federal Reserve]], the [[International Monetary Fund]], and the [[World Bank]]).<ref>''When the World Will be as One''. [[Tal Brooke]]. Harvest House Publishers, 1989. ISBN 0890817499. p.247-272</ref>

== Works ==
* ''Outlines of mechanical philosophy : containing the heads of a course of lectures'', Edinburgh, William Creech, 1781.
* ''Outlines of a course of experimental philosophy'', Edinburgh, William Creech, 1784.
* ''Proofs of a Conspiracy against all the Religions and Governments of Europe, carried on in the Secret Meetings of Free-Masons, Illuminati and Reading Societies, etc., collected from good authorities'', Edinburgh, 1797.
* ''Outlines of a course of lectures on mechanical philosophy'', Edinburgh, J. Brown, 1803.
* ''Elements of mechanical philosophy : being the substance of a course of lectures on that science'', vol 1, Edinburgh, Archibald Constable, 1804.
* ''The articles "steam" and "steam-engines" written for the Encyclopædia Britannica'', edited by David Brewster with notes and additions by James Watt and a letter on some properties, Edinburgh and London, James Ballantyne & Co. 1818.
* ''A system of mechanical philosophy'', Edinburgh, J. Murray, 1822.

=== ''Proofs of Conspiracy'', reprints and related documents ===

* ''Proofs of a Conspiracy against all the Religions and Governments of Europe, carried on in the Secret Meetings of Free-Masons, Illuminati and Reading Societies, etc., collected from good authorities'', Edinburgh, 1797 ; 2nd ed. London, T. Cadell & W. Davies, 1797 with a Postsript ; 3rd ed. with Postscript, Philadelphia, T. Dobson & W. Cobbet, 1798 ; New York, 1798 ; Dublin 1798 ; ''Proofs of a Conspiracy'', Western Islands, 1900 ; ''The Illuminati'', taken from "Proofs of a world conspiracy", Elizabeth Knauss [1930] ; ''Proof's [sic!] of a conspiracy'', Ram Reprints, 1964 ; ''Proofs of a conspiracy'', Boston, Western Islands, "The Americanist classics", [1967] ; Proofs of a conspiracy, Islands Press, 1978 ; C P a Book Pub, 2002 ISBN 0944379699 ; Kessinger Publishing, 2003 ISBN 0766181243
** ''Ueber geheime Gesellschaften und deren Gefährlichkeit für Staat und Religion...'', translated in German, Königslutter, 1800.
* [Anti-Jacobin], ''New Lights on Jacobinism'', abstracted from Professor Robison’s History of Free Masonry, with an appendix containing an account of Voltaire’s behaviour on his death-bed, and a letter from J. H. Stone to Dr. Priestley, disclosing the principles of Jacobinism. By the author of ''Jacobinism displayed'', Birmingham, E. Piercy, Birmingham, 1798.
* [Cornelius] (pseudonym), ''Extracts from Professor Robison’s "Proofs of a Conspiracy" & c.'', with brief reflections on the charges he has exhibited, the evidence he has produced and the merit of his performance, Boston, Manning & Loring, Boston, 1799.
* [[Seth Payson]], ''Proofs of the real existence, and dangerous tendency, of Illuminism'', containing an abstract of what Dr. Robinson and the Abbé Barruel have published on this subject ; with collateral proofs and general observations, Charlestown, 1802 ; Invisible College Press, LLC, 2003 ISBN 1931468141
* [A Master Mason],'' Free Masonry. Its pretensions exposed in faithful extracts of its standard authors'', with a review of [Salem] Town’s ''Speculative Masonry'' : its liability to pervert the doctrines of revealed religion discovered, its dangerous tendency exhibited in extracts from the Abbé Barruel and Professor Robison, and further illustrated in its base service to the Illuminati, New York, 1828.

== Sources ==
* [http://www.masonicinfo.com/robison.htm Past anti-Masons : John Robison, on masonicinfo.com]
* [http://www.nahste.ac.uk/cgi-bin/view_isad.pl?id=GB-0237-John-Robison&view=basic Biography, Papers of John Robison, Edinburgh University Library]
* [http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/texts/robison-barruel.html "The French Revolution and the Bavarian Illuminati", on Robison and Barruel, Freemasonry BC-Y]
* ''Memoirs of the Life of Dr. Robison''. [[Philosophical magazine]] 10 (1801), 348 - 353
* ''Biographical Memoirs of Dr. Robinson, of Edinburgh''. [[Philosophical magazine]] 13(1802), 386 - 394

== External links ==
*[https://christiansfortruth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Proofs-of-a-Conspiracy-.pdf ''Proofs of a Conspiracy'']
*[http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/robison_john.htm Biography at ''Significant Scots'']
*[http://www.bilderberg.org/lucis.htm Introduction and first two chapters of Robison's book: "Proofs of a Conspiracy ..."]

==References==
{{reflist}}

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[[Category:Royal Navy officers]]

John Robison - Revision history

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