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'''Mathematics''' (from [[Greek language|Greek]] μάθημα ''máthēma'' "knowledge, study, learning") is the science of structure, order, and relation that has evolved from elemental practices of counting, measuring, and describing the shapes of objects. It deals with logical reasoning and quantitative calculation.

==Definition==
Mathematics is the study of [[quantity]], [[space]], [[structure]], and [[calculus|change]].<ref name=artsci>{{cite web|url=http://academics.adelphi.edu/artsci/math/ |title=Department of Mathematics and Computer Science: Adelphi University |publisher=Academics.adelphi.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-11-04}}</ref> [[Mathematician]]s seek out [[patterns]]
<ref name=future>[[Lynn Steen|Steen, L.A.]] (April 29, 1988). ''The Science of Patterns'' [[Science (journal)|Science]], 240: 611–616. And summarized at [http://www.ascd.org/publications/curriculum-handbook/409/chapters/The-Future-of-Mathematics-Education.aspx Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development], www.ascd.org.</ref>
<ref name=devlin>[[Keith Devlin|Devlin, Keith]], ''Mathematics: The Science of Patterns: The Search for Order in Life, Mind and the Universe'' (Scientific American Paperback Library) 1996, ISBN 978-0-7167-5047-5</ref> and formulate new [[conjecture]]s. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by [[mathematical proof]]. The research required to solve mathematical problems can take years or even centuries of sustained inquiry. [[Galileo Galilei]] (1564-1642) said:

: ''The universe cannot be read until we have learned the language and become familiar with the characters in which it is written. It is written in mathematical language, and the letters are triangles, circles and other geometrical figures, without which means it is humanly impossible to comprehend a single word. Without these, one is wandering about in a dark labyrinth.''<ref>[[Marcus du Sautoy]], ''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sr3fm A Brief History of Mathematics: 1. Newton and Leibniz]'', [[BBC Radio 4]], 27/09/2010.</ref>

German mathematician and physicist [[Carl Friedrich Gauss|Johann Carl Friedrich Gauß]] (1777–1855; [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Gau%C3%9F,_Carl_Friedrich de]) is referred to as the ''Princeps mathematicorum'', Latin for '"Prince of Mathematicians"' ({{lang-de|Fürst der Mathematiker}}) and "the greatest mathematician since antiquity".

Since the work of Giuseppe Peano (1858-1932), David Hilbert (1862-1943), and others on axiomatic systems in the late 19th century, it has become customary to view mathematical research as establishing [[truth]] by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms and definitions. When those mathematical structures are good models of real phenomena, then mathematical reasoning often provides insight or predictions.

Through the use of abstraction and logical reasoning, mathematics developed from counting, calculation, measurement, and the systematic study of the shapes and motions of physical objects. Practical mathematics has been a human activity for as far back as written records exist. Rigorous arguments first appeared in Greek mathematics, most notably in [[Euclid]]'s Elements. Mathematics developed at a relatively slow pace until the [[Renaissance]], when mathematical innovations interacting with new scientific discoveries led to a rapid increase in the rate of mathematical discovery that continues to the present day.

Benjamin Peirce (1809-1880) called mathematics "the science that draws necessary conclusions". David Hilbert said of mathematics:

: ''"We are not speaking here of arbitrariness in any sense. Mathematics is not like a game whose tasks are determined by arbitrarily stipulated rules. Rather, it is a conceptual system possessing internal necessity that can only be so and by no means otherwise."''

Mathematics is used throughout the world as an essential tool in many fields, including natural science, engineering, medicine, and the social sciences. Applied mathematics, the branch of mathematics concerned with application of mathematical knowledge to other fields, inspires and makes use of new mathematical discoveries and sometimes leads to the development of entirely new mathematical disciplines, such as statistics and game theory. Mathematicians also engage in pure mathematics, or mathematics for its own sake, without having any application in mind. There is no clear line separating pure and applied mathematics, and practical applications for what began as pure mathematics are often discovered.

==See also==
* [[Intelligence quotient]]
* [[Race and intelligence: The genetics or not debate]]
==External links==
*[https://vdare.com/articles/john-derbyshire-the-mathematical-association-of-america-defiles-the-altar-of-math The Mathematical Association Of America Defiles The Altar Of Math] - In association with the [[Great Awokening]].
*[https://www.amren.com/commentary/2021/02/squeezed-to-zero-how-the-woke-and-the-chinese-are-destroying-academic-mathematics/ Squeezed to Zero: How the Woke and the Chinese are Destroying Academic Mathematics]
*[https://www.amren.com/news/2021/02/oregon-promotes-teacher-program-that-seeks-to-undo-racism-in-mathematics/ Oregon Promotes Teacher Program That Seeks to Undo ‘Racism in Mathematics’]

=== Encyclopedias ===
*[https://www.britannica.com/science/mathematics Encyclopedia Britannica: Mathematics]
*[https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/mathematics/mathematics/mathematics Encyclopedia.com: Mathematics]
==References==
{{reflist}}

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Mathematics - Revision history

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en>Crusader at 13:14, 6 September 2022