Migration Period - Revision history

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	The '''Migration Period''' is a name for a period of [[migrations]] into [[Europe]] generally, notably the areas of what had been the Western [[Roman Empire]] and other migrations associated with this and following it. What groups to include and the starting and the ending dates are disputed. Various earlier and later migrations are not included. This period has also been termed in English by the [[German language\|German loanword]] ''Völkerwanderung'' and also as the [[barbarian]] invasions into Europe, the successive waves of [[Slavs]], [[Alans]], [[Avars]], [[Bulgars]], [[Hungarians]], [[Pechenegs]], [[Cumans]], and [[Tatars]] radically changing the ethnic makeup of [[Eastern Europe]]. The views on this period have recently become influenced by various forms of [[political correctness]], such as [[race denialism]] and views on "[[late antiquity]]". See also the article on [[Ancient Rome]] on the causes of the [[conquest of the Western Roman Empire]].		The '''Migration Period''' is a name for a period of [[migrations]] into [[Europe]] generally, notably the areas of what had been the Western [[Roman Empire]] and other migrations associated with this and following it. What groups to include and the starting and the ending dates are disputed. Various earlier and later migrations are not included. This period has also been termed in English by the [[German language\|German loanword]] ''Völkerwanderung'' and also as the [[barbarian]] invasions into Europe, the successive waves of [[Slavs]], [[Alans]], [[Avars]], [[Bulgars]], [[Hungarians]], [[Pechenegs]], [[Cumans]], and [[Tatars]] radically changing the ethnic makeup of [[Eastern Europe]]. The views on this period have recently become influenced by various forms of [[political correctness]], such as [[race denialism]] and views on "[[late antiquity]]". See also the article on [[Ancient Rome]] on the causes of the [[conquest of the Western Roman Empire]].

	==History==		==History==
	[[File:Migration of Germanic Tribes I.png\|right\|400px]]		[[File:Migration of Germanic Tribes I.png\|right\|400px]]
	[[File:Migration of Germanic Tribes II.~~jpg~~\|right\|400px]]		[[File:Migration of Germanic Tribes II.png\|right\|400px]]
	[[File:Migration of Germanic Tribes III.~~jpg~~\|right\|400px]]		[[File:Migration of Germanic Tribes III.png\|right\|400px]]
	The Migration Period or ''Völkerwanderung'' is a name given by historians to a human migration which occurred within the period of roughly AD 300–700 in Europe, marking the transition from [[Late Antiquity]] to the [[Early Middle Ages]]. The migration included the [[Goths]], [[Vandals]], and [[Franks]], among other [[Germanic]], [[Bulgar]] and [[Slavic]] tribes. The migration may have been triggered by the incursions of the [[Huns]], in turn connected to the [[Turkic]] migration in [[Central Asia]], population pressures, or climate changes. Western European historians, however, tend to emphasize the migrations most relevant to [[Western Europe]].		The Migration Period or ''Völkerwanderung'' is a name given by historians to a human migration which occurred within the period of roughly AD 300–700 in Europe, marking the transition from [[Late Antiquity]] to the [[Early Middle Ages]]. The migration included the [[Goths]], [[Vandals]], and [[Franks]], among other [[Germanic]], [[Bulgar]] and [[Slavic]] tribes. The migration may have been triggered by the incursions of the [[Huns]], in turn connected to the [[Turkic]] migration in [[Central Asia]], population pressures, or climate changes. Western European historians, however, tend to emphasize the migrations most relevant to [[Western Europe]].

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Encyclopedias

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[[File:Migration of Germanic Tribes.jpg|right|520px]]
The '''Migration Period''' is a name for a period of [[migrations]] into [[Europe]] generally, notably the areas of what had been the Western [[Roman Empire]] and other migrations associated with this and following it. What groups to include and the starting and the ending dates are disputed. Various earlier and later migrations are not included. This period has also been termed in English by the [[German language|German loanword]] ''Völkerwanderung'' and also as the [[barbarian]] invasions into Europe, the successive waves of [[Slavs]], [[Alans]], [[Avars]], [[Bulgars]], [[Hungarians]], [[Pechenegs]], [[Cumans]], and [[Tatars]] radically changing the ethnic makeup of [[Eastern Europe]]. The views on this period have recently become influenced by various forms of [[political correctness]], such as [[race denialism]] and views on "[[late antiquity]]". See also the article on [[Ancient Rome]] on the causes of the [[conquest of the Western Roman Empire]].

==History==
[[File:Migration of Germanic Tribes I.png|right|400px]]
[[File:Migration of Germanic Tribes II.jpg|right|400px]]
[[File:Migration of Germanic Tribes III.jpg|right|400px]]
The Migration Period or ''Völkerwanderung'' is a name given by historians to a human migration which occurred within the period of roughly AD 300–700 in Europe, marking the transition from [[Late Antiquity]] to the [[Early Middle Ages]]. The migration included the [[Goths]], [[Vandals]], and [[Franks]], among other [[Germanic]], [[Bulgar]] and [[Slavic]] tribes. The migration may have been triggered by the incursions of the [[Huns]], in turn connected to the [[Turkic]] migration in [[Central Asia]], population pressures, or climate changes. Western European historians, however, tend to emphasize the migrations most relevant to [[Western Europe]].

===The modern account===
The migration movement may be divided into two phases; the first phase, between AD 300 and 500, largely seen from the [[Mediterranean]] perspective of [[Greek]] and [[Latin]] historians, with the aid of some archaeology, put [[Germanic peoples]] in control of most areas of the former [[Western Roman Empire]], among them the [[Ostrogoths]], [[Visigoths]], [[Burgundians]], [[Alans]], [[Langobards]], [[Angles]], [[Saxons]], [[Jutes]], [[Suebi]], [[Alamanni]] and [[Vandals]]. The first to formally enter [[Roman Empire|Roman territory]] — as refugees from the [[Huns|Hun invasion]] of 375 — were the [[Visigoths]] in 376.

Tolerated by the Romans on condition that they defend the [[Danube]] frontier, they rebelled after much privation and suffering at the hand of the Romans, eventually conquering what is now known as [[Italy]] and sacking Rome itself in 410 before settling in [[Iberia]] and founding a 200-year-long kingdom there. In June 455, [[Vandals]] and Alans under King Gaiseric captured the city. They were followed into Roman territory by the [[Ostrogoths]] led by [[Theodoric the Great]], settling in Italy itself.

In [[Gaul]], the [[Franks]], a fusion of western Germanic tribes whose leaders had been strongly aligned with Rome, entered Roman lands more gradually and peacefully during the 5th century, and were generally accepted as rulers by the Roman-Gaulish population. Fending off challenges from the [[Allemanni]], [[Burgundians]] and [[Visigoths]], the [[Frankish Kingdom]] became the nucleus of the future states of [[France]] and [[Germany]]. Meanwhile, Roman Britain was more slowly conquered by [[Angles]] and [[Saxons]].

The second phase, between AD 500 and 700, saw [[Slavic]] tribes settling in Central and Eastern Europe, particularly in eastern [[Magna Germania]], and gradually making it predominantly Slavic. The Bulgars, who had been present in far eastern Europe since the second century, in the seventh century expanded their kingdom to eastern [[Balkan]] territory of the [[Byzantine Empire]].

The [[Arabs]] tried to invade Europe via [[Asia Minor]] in the second half of the seventh century and the early eighth century, but were eventually defeated at the siege of [[Constantinople]] by the joint forces of [[Byzantium]] and [[Bulgaria]] in 717-18. At the same time, they invaded Europe via [[Gibraltar]], conquering [[Hispania]] (the [[Iberian Peninsula]]) from the [[Visigoths]] in 711 before finally being halted by the Franks at the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732. These battles largely fixed the frontier between [[Christendom]] and [[Islam]] for the next three centuries.

During the eighth to tenth centuries, not usually counted as part of the Migrations Period but still within the [[Early Middle Ages]], new waves of migration, first of the [[Magyars]] and later of the [[Turkic peoples]], as well as [[Viking]] expansion from [[Scandinavia]], threatened the newly established order of the [[Frankish Empire]] in [[Central Europe]].

===Völkerwanderung vs. ''barbarian'' invasions===
The German term ''Völkerwanderung'' [ˈfœlkɐˌvandəʁʊŋ] ("migration or wandering of peoples"), is still used as an alternative label for the Migration Period in English-language historiography. The term is also associated with a certain romantic historical style which has strong roots in the German-speaking world of the 19th century, perhaps associated with the same cultural process which included the music of [[Wagner]] and the writings of [[Nietzsche]] and [[Goethe]].

The forceful expansion of the Germanic peoples in all of Europe is seen an indication of cultural energy and dynamism, young and vigorous people who succeeded the old and decadent Roman society This analysis became associated with nineteenth century German [[Romantic nationalism]].

Today, the notion of an "invasion" of pre-Romantic-generation historians has also fallen out of favour: many scholars today hold that a great deal of the migration did not represent hostile invasion so much as tribes taking the opportunity to enter and settle lands already thinly populated and weakly held by a divided Roman state whose economy was shrinking at a time when the climate was cooling.

While there were certainly battles, and sieges of cities, and death of innocent civilians fought between the tribes and the Roman peoples, the migration period did not see the kind of wholesale destruction carried out in later centuries by the [[Mongols]] or by industrial-era armies.

== See also ==
*[[Ancient history]]
*[[Ancient Rome]]
*[[Barbarian]]
*[[Slavs]]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230831212000/https://subratachak.wordpress.com/2021/03/09/the-migration-period-in-post-roman-europe/ The Migration Period in Post-Roman Europe]
=== Encyclopedias ===
*[https://www.ancient.eu/Migration_Age/ Ancient History Encyclopedia: Migration Age]
*[https://www.britannica.com/event/Dark-Ages Encyclopedia Britannica: Migration period]

[[Category:European history]]
[[Category:German history]]
[[Category:Migration| ]]
[[Category:Germanic peoples]]
[[Category:Germania]]
[[de:Völkerwanderung]]