Poland - Revision history

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Category:Slavs" to ""

2024-03-29T15:45:19Z

Text replacement - "Category:Slavs" to ""

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:45, 29 March 2024
Line 332:		Line 332:
	[[Category:Nations]]		[[Category:Nations]]
	[[Category:Europe]]		[[Category:Europe]]
	~~[[Category:Slavs]]~~
	[[Category:Europe]]		[[Category:Europe]]
	[[Category:WWAC]]		[[Category:WWAC]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Category:Eastern Europe" to "Category:Europe"

2024-03-11T00:43:35Z

Text replacement - "Category:Eastern Europe" to "Category:Europe"

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:43, 10 March 2024
Line 331:		Line 331:
	[[Category:Nations]]		[[Category:Nations]]
	[[Category:Nations]]		[[Category:Nations]]
	[[Category:~~Eastern~~ Europe]]		[[Category:Europe]]
	[[Category:Slavs]]		[[Category:Slavs]]
	[[Category:Europe]]		[[Category:Europe]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "\[\[de:(.*)\]\]" to ""

2024-02-29T13:11:44Z

Text replacement - "\[\[de:(.*)\]\]" to ""

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:11, 29 February 2024
Line 341:		Line 341:


	~~[[de:Polen]]~~
	[[et:Poola]]		[[et:Poola]]
	[[es:Polonia]]		[[es:Polonia]]
	[[pt:Polónia]]		[[pt:Polónia]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Jew" to "jew"

2024-02-25T12:59:18Z

Text replacement - "Jew" to "jew"

Show changes

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Category:European countries" to "Category:Nations"

2024-02-22T22:07:23Z

Text replacement - "Category:European countries" to "Category:Nations"

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:07, 22 February 2024
Line 330:		Line 330:
	[[Category:Poland]]		[[Category:Poland]]
	[[Category:Nations]]		[[Category:Nations]]
	[[Category:~~European countries~~]]		[[Category:Nations]]
	[[Category:Eastern Europe]]		[[Category:Eastern Europe]]
	[[Category:Slavs]]		[[Category:Slavs]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "\[\[Category(.) of (.)\]\]" to ""

2024-02-22T01:52:09Z

Text replacement - "\[\[Category(.*) of (.*)\]\]" to ""

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:52, 21 February 2024
Line 338:		Line 338:
	[[Category:European history]]		[[Category:European history]]
	[[Category:Revanchism]]		[[Category:Revanchism]]
	~~[[Category:States with no freedom of speech rights]]~~

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Category:Countries" to "Category:Nations"

2024-02-19T19:07:12Z

Text replacement - "Category:Countries" to "Category:Nations"

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:07, 19 February 2024
Line 329:		Line 329:

	[[Category:Poland]]		[[Category:Poland]]
	[[Category:~~Countries~~]]		[[Category:Nations]]
	[[Category:European countries]]		[[Category:European countries]]
	[[Category:Eastern Europe]]		[[Category:Eastern Europe]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "nationalist" to "fascist"

2024-02-16T00:07:48Z

Text replacement - "nationalist" to "fascist"

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:07, 15 February 2024
Line 119:		Line 119:
	For centuries Poland, having invaded adjoining provinces and countries (see also: [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]), and held them for often short periods, had no permanent ethnic borders. Writing in 1915 Lord Eversley pointed out that in 1770 two-thirds of the people in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were not ethnic Poles.<ref>Eversley, 1915, p.15.</ref> Apart from "Polish chauvinist imperialist fantasies"<ref>Powell, E.Alexander, ''Embattled Borders'', London, 1928, p.287.</ref> as to what actually constituted Poland, the natural Polish borders were a much disputed issue.<ref>Woodward, Professor E.L. & Butler, Rohan, editors, ''Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939'', First series, vol.iii, 1919, HMSO London, 1949, pps:348-355, for the claims of Poland put before the western Allies in 1919 and the comments made upon them by the Allied representatives, notably Lloyd George.</ref>		For centuries Poland, having invaded adjoining provinces and countries (see also: [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]), and held them for often short periods, had no permanent ethnic borders. Writing in 1915 Lord Eversley pointed out that in 1770 two-thirds of the people in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were not ethnic Poles.<ref>Eversley, 1915, p.15.</ref> Apart from "Polish chauvinist imperialist fantasies"<ref>Powell, E.Alexander, ''Embattled Borders'', London, 1928, p.287.</ref> as to what actually constituted Poland, the natural Polish borders were a much disputed issue.<ref>Woodward, Professor E.L. & Butler, Rohan, editors, ''Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939'', First series, vol.iii, 1919, HMSO London, 1949, pps:348-355, for the claims of Poland put before the western Allies in 1919 and the comments made upon them by the Allied representatives, notably Lloyd George.</ref>

	Polish ~~nationalists~~ had been formulating absurd claims in the latter part of the 19th century and in 1892 the Polish Archbishop of [[Posen]] and [[Gniezno\|Gnesen]] felt obliged to say:		Polish fascists had been formulating absurd claims in the latter part of the 19th century and in 1892 the Polish Archbishop of [[Posen]] and [[Gniezno\|Gnesen]] felt obliged to say:

	: ''Any attempt to identify [[Silesia]] with Poland’s pre-1772 status is entirely unjustified and fallacious. It implies no more nor less than an attempt at new booty….'' ~ Florian Stablewski, [[Roman Catholic]] Archbishop of [[Posen]] and [[Gniezno\|Gnesen ]] in the ''Kurjer Poznanski'', 9 October 1892.		: ''Any attempt to identify [[Silesia]] with Poland’s pre-1772 status is entirely unjustified and fallacious. It implies no more nor less than an attempt at new booty….'' ~ Florian Stablewski, [[Roman Catholic]] Archbishop of [[Posen]] and [[Gniezno\|Gnesen ]] in the ''Kurjer Poznanski'', 9 October 1892.

	In 1919, two fanatical Polish ~~nationalists~~, Roman Dmowski and Ignace Paderewski, both born and brought up in Congress Poland, were invited to put their case to the [[Treaty of Versailles\|Paris Peace Conference]], following a "vigorous and well-organised campaign in the United States, England and France in favour of a Greater Poland". Dmowski spoke for a staggering five hours stating what he saw as Poland's claims, including a reversion to the frontiers of 1772 regardless of populations & ethnicities and without "plebsicite circuses". (Clearly democracy was not at the top of his list.) The Polish delegation called for all the territories in the old Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to be formally part of the new resurrected Poland, without any consultation whatsoever with the [[Galicia\|Ruthenians]] or the [[Lithuania]]ns. Indeed, the Poles had the audacity to state to the western plutocratic liberal Allies that the Lithuanians were a "primitive people" and only still existed because of Polish assistance and practical help!; and, outrageously, that Poland had "never imposed upon any nation our language or religion"!<ref>Woodward, Professor E.L., and Butler, Rohan, ''Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939'', First Series, vol.iii, 1919, HMSO, London, 1949, p.352.</ref> Their request regarding Lithuania was refused. Despite living and working some years in exile in [[Lemberg]] in Austrian [[Galicia]], Dmowski referred to the Germans as "the enemies of Poland and of humanity". He was supported by France's M. Clemenceau who wanted "to smash Germany to defenceless atoms".<ref>Donald, Sir Robert, G.B.E., LL.D., ''The Polish Corridor and the Consequences'', London, 1929, pps.11-17</ref> President [[Woodrow Wilson]] stated that "the only real interest of France in Poland is in weakening Germany by giving Poland territory to which she has no right".<ref>''Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement'' by Raymond S. Baker, New York, 1922, pps: 2 and 60.</ref> He added that it would be a mistake to extend the new Polish State over territory patently German. Nevertheless, "more than any other member of the Peace Conference President Wilson was the creator of the New Poland"<ref>Donald, 1929, p.17.</ref> in the subsequent botched [[Treaty of Versailles]] and the [[Treaty of Trianon]], opposed vigorously by Germany, whose delegates stated regarding [[Danzig]] that the proposals stood "in direct opposition to all assurances given in the declarations of President Wilson" and would lead "to violent opposition and a continuous state of war in the East." The imposed settlement at Versailles was regarded in Germany as "an outrage".<ref>Kimmich, 1968, pps:21 & 33.</ref> Poland was resurrected as an independent country, described by Molotov as "the monstrous bastard of Versailles"<ref>Kitchen, 1988, p.102.</ref>, but awarded German provinces such as [[West Prussia]] - what became known as the [[Polish Corridor]]; - and [[Galicia]] (Red Ruthenia) (in a [[League of Nations]] 25 year mandate) without a plebiscite, and other German provinces where many, often a majority, ethnic Germans lived<ref>Powell, 1928 pps:266-291.</ref>. [[Tomáš G Masaryk]], writing in the London ''Saturday Review'' in October 1930 said:		In 1919, two fanatical Polish fascists, Roman Dmowski and Ignace Paderewski, both born and brought up in Congress Poland, were invited to put their case to the [[Treaty of Versailles\|Paris Peace Conference]], following a "vigorous and well-organised campaign in the United States, England and France in favour of a Greater Poland". Dmowski spoke for a staggering five hours stating what he saw as Poland's claims, including a reversion to the frontiers of 1772 regardless of populations & ethnicities and without "plebsicite circuses". (Clearly democracy was not at the top of his list.) The Polish delegation called for all the territories in the old Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to be formally part of the new resurrected Poland, without any consultation whatsoever with the [[Galicia\|Ruthenians]] or the [[Lithuania]]ns. Indeed, the Poles had the audacity to state to the western plutocratic liberal Allies that the Lithuanians were a "primitive people" and only still existed because of Polish assistance and practical help!; and, outrageously, that Poland had "never imposed upon any nation our language or religion"!<ref>Woodward, Professor E.L., and Butler, Rohan, ''Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939'', First Series, vol.iii, 1919, HMSO, London, 1949, p.352.</ref> Their request regarding Lithuania was refused. Despite living and working some years in exile in [[Lemberg]] in Austrian [[Galicia]], Dmowski referred to the Germans as "the enemies of Poland and of humanity". He was supported by France's M. Clemenceau who wanted "to smash Germany to defenceless atoms".<ref>Donald, Sir Robert, G.B.E., LL.D., ''The Polish Corridor and the Consequences'', London, 1929, pps.11-17</ref> President [[Woodrow Wilson]] stated that "the only real interest of France in Poland is in weakening Germany by giving Poland territory to which she has no right".<ref>''Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement'' by Raymond S. Baker, New York, 1922, pps: 2 and 60.</ref> He added that it would be a mistake to extend the new Polish State over territory patently German. Nevertheless, "more than any other member of the Peace Conference President Wilson was the creator of the New Poland"<ref>Donald, 1929, p.17.</ref> in the subsequent botched [[Treaty of Versailles]] and the [[Treaty of Trianon]], opposed vigorously by Germany, whose delegates stated regarding [[Danzig]] that the proposals stood "in direct opposition to all assurances given in the declarations of President Wilson" and would lead "to violent opposition and a continuous state of war in the East." The imposed settlement at Versailles was regarded in Germany as "an outrage".<ref>Kimmich, 1968, pps:21 & 33.</ref> Poland was resurrected as an independent country, described by Molotov as "the monstrous bastard of Versailles"<ref>Kitchen, 1988, p.102.</ref>, but awarded German provinces such as [[West Prussia]] - what became known as the [[Polish Corridor]]; - and [[Galicia]] (Red Ruthenia) (in a [[League of Nations]] 25 year mandate) without a plebiscite, and other German provinces where many, often a majority, ethnic Germans lived<ref>Powell, 1928 pps:266-291.</ref>. [[Tomáš G Masaryk]], writing in the London ''Saturday Review'' in October 1930 said:

	: ''As for the [[Polish Corridor]], it may be definitely said that Germany will never tolerate a condition of things by which East Prussia is separated from the German Reich.''		: ''As for the [[Polish Corridor]], it may be definitely said that Germany will never tolerate a condition of things by which East Prussia is separated from the German Reich.''

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Nationalist" to "Fascist"

2024-02-15T23:04:06Z

Text replacement - "Nationalist" to "Fascist"

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:04, 15 February 2024
Line 259:		Line 259:
	[[File:Hagan's book.png\|250px\|thumb\|right\|Published in 2018.]]		[[File:Hagan's book.png\|250px\|thumb\|right\|Published in 2018.]]
	[[File:Poland Jews 1931.png\|250px\|thumb\|right\|Jews in Poland in 1931.]]		[[File:Poland Jews 1931.png\|250px\|thumb\|right\|Jews in Poland in 1931.]]
	Poland had first confirmed Jewish liberties by charter in 1265, and from that point in time Poland witnessed the growth of Europe's most important Jewish refuge.<ref>Davies, 1984, p.287.</ref> It eventually grew to a vast Jewish population, estimated in the first half of the 20th century as 9-10% of its population.<ref>Powell, 1928, p.270-1.</ref><ref>''Encyclopaedia Britannica Book of the Year 1938'', London, p.505, where 9% of the population are given as speaking Hebrew.</ref> This resulted in the inevitable social unrest. During and after [[The Great War]] there were significant violent pogroms against Jews across Poland.<ref>Hagen, Prof. William W., ''Anti-Jewish Violence in Poland, 1914-1920'', Cambridge University Press, U.K., 2018, ISBN: 978-0-521-73818-7</ref> Following the end of [[WWI]] the Poles invaded [[Galicia]] and captured [[Lemberg]] where Polish troops ran amok in Jewish neighbourhoods, incensed by Jewish protestations of neutrality in the contest for the city between Poles and Ruthenians (Ukrainians). A pogrom in Chrzanow in November 1918 saw widespread looting and pillaging of Jewish homes and businesses; in Warsaw synagogues were burned. Further east, there were also pogroms in Polish-occupied Vilna and Pinsk - where Polish troops shot thirty-five people for the offence of distributing charitable donations from the [[United States]]. Violence gave way to discrimination during the 1920s, despite the fine words of the Minorities Treaties. Sunday became a compulsory day of rest for all. Jews who could not prove pre-1918 residence were denied Polish citizenship. One Polish politician stated that "the Jewish community is 'a foreign body', dispersed in our organism so that it produces a pathological deformation. In this state of affairs it is impossible to find a way out other than the removal of the alien body, harmful through both its numbers and its uniqueness." The fanatical leader of the ~~Nationalist~~ Party, Roman Dwomski, spoke in similar terms.<ref>Ferguson, Niall, ''The War of the World'', Allen Lane pubs., London 2006, p.169-170. ISBN:0-713-99708-7</ref>		Poland had first confirmed Jewish liberties by charter in 1265, and from that point in time Poland witnessed the growth of Europe's most important Jewish refuge.<ref>Davies, 1984, p.287.</ref> It eventually grew to a vast Jewish population, estimated in the first half of the 20th century as 9-10% of its population.<ref>Powell, 1928, p.270-1.</ref><ref>''Encyclopaedia Britannica Book of the Year 1938'', London, p.505, where 9% of the population are given as speaking Hebrew.</ref> This resulted in the inevitable social unrest. During and after [[The Great War]] there were significant violent pogroms against Jews across Poland.<ref>Hagen, Prof. William W., ''Anti-Jewish Violence in Poland, 1914-1920'', Cambridge University Press, U.K., 2018, ISBN: 978-0-521-73818-7</ref> Following the end of [[WWI]] the Poles invaded [[Galicia]] and captured [[Lemberg]] where Polish troops ran amok in Jewish neighbourhoods, incensed by Jewish protestations of neutrality in the contest for the city between Poles and Ruthenians (Ukrainians). A pogrom in Chrzanow in November 1918 saw widespread looting and pillaging of Jewish homes and businesses; in Warsaw synagogues were burned. Further east, there were also pogroms in Polish-occupied Vilna and Pinsk - where Polish troops shot thirty-five people for the offence of distributing charitable donations from the [[United States]]. Violence gave way to discrimination during the 1920s, despite the fine words of the Minorities Treaties. Sunday became a compulsory day of rest for all. Jews who could not prove pre-1918 residence were denied Polish citizenship. One Polish politician stated that "the Jewish community is 'a foreign body', dispersed in our organism so that it produces a pathological deformation. In this state of affairs it is impossible to find a way out other than the removal of the alien body, harmful through both its numbers and its uniqueness." The fanatical leader of the Fascist Party, Roman Dwomski, spoke in similar terms.<ref>Ferguson, Niall, ''The War of the World'', Allen Lane pubs., London 2006, p.169-170. ISBN:0-713-99708-7</ref>

	Nitti, former Prime Minister of Italy, said in 1922 that Poland was unable to assimilate its Jews<ref>Nitti, 1922, p.182</ref> - and the government actively "encouraged" emigration. Between 1919 and 1935, Jewish emigration from Poland to Palestine totaled 107,958, with 27,843 (45% of the total number of immigrants) in 1935 alone. "This was due to political pressure in Poland".<ref>Royal Institute of International Affairs Study Group, ''The Colonial Problem'', Oxford University Press, UK, 1937, p.357.</ref> In 1935 and 1936 a further 23,291 arrived in Palestine and in 1939 and 1940 a quarter of Jewish immigrants into Palestine in each year held Polish citizenship; this continued over the next three years with 16.6%, 18.1% and 23.9%.<ref>''Great Britain and Palestine 1915-1945'', Royal Institute of International Affairs, Information Papers [Book] No.20, London, 1946. p.66.</ref>		Nitti, former Prime Minister of Italy, said in 1922 that Poland was unable to assimilate its Jews<ref>Nitti, 1922, p.182</ref> - and the government actively "encouraged" emigration. Between 1919 and 1935, Jewish emigration from Poland to Palestine totaled 107,958, with 27,843 (45% of the total number of immigrants) in 1935 alone. "This was due to political pressure in Poland".<ref>Royal Institute of International Affairs Study Group, ''The Colonial Problem'', Oxford University Press, UK, 1937, p.357.</ref> In 1935 and 1936 a further 23,291 arrived in Palestine and in 1939 and 1940 a quarter of Jewish immigrants into Palestine in each year held Polish citizenship; this continued over the next three years with 16.6%, 18.1% and 23.9%.<ref>''Great Britain and Palestine 1915-1945'', Royal Institute of International Affairs, Information Papers [Book] No.20, London, 1946. p.66.</ref>

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Category:World War II" to "Category:WWAC"

2024-02-09T03:56:30Z

Text replacement - "Category:World War II" to "Category:WWAC"

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:56, 8 February 2024
Line 334:		Line 334:
	[[Category:Slavs]]		[[Category:Slavs]]
	[[Category:Europe]]		[[Category:Europe]]
	[[Category:~~World War II~~]]		[[Category:WWAC]]
	[[Category:History]]		[[Category:History]]
	[[Category:European history]]		[[Category:European history]]