Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia - Revision history

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	~~[[de:Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren]]~~

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	Bohemia and Moravia were subsequently declared a Protectorate of Germany and were placed under the supervision of the first ''Reichsprotektor'', 65 year-old Baron [[Konstantin von Neurath]], a diplomat. It was declared to be "autonomous and [[self]]-administrative" except for Foreign Affairs. It would also form part of the German Reich customs area.<ref>Woodward, Prof. E.L., Butler, Rohan, & Lambert, Margaret, ''Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939'', Third Series, vol.iv, His Majesty's Stationary Office, [[London]], 1951, p.288.</ref> Hácha remained as Head of State with his title of State President; German officials were included in departments analogous to cabinet ministries, while small German control offices were established locally. The Czech government and [[political]] system, reorganized by Hácha, continued in formal existence.		Bohemia and Moravia were subsequently declared a Protectorate of Germany and were placed under the supervision of the first ''Reichsprotektor'', 65 year-old Baron [[Konstantin von Neurath]], a diplomat. It was declared to be "autonomous and [[self]]-administrative" except for Foreign Affairs. It would also form part of the German Reich customs area.<ref>Woodward, Prof. E.L., Butler, Rohan, & Lambert, Margaret, ''Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939'', Third Series, vol.iv, His Majesty's Stationary Office, [[London]], 1951, p.288.</ref> Hácha remained as Head of State with his title of State President; German officials were included in departments analogous to cabinet ministries, while small German control offices were established locally. The Czech government and [[political]] system, reorganized by Hácha, continued in formal existence.

	The [[Gestapo]] [political police] also established themselves in the Protectorate. Their activities were directed mainly against renegade Czech politicians and the [[intelligentsia]] opposing the loss of Czech sovereignty, communists, and other enemies of the State. [[~~Jews~~]] were dismissed from the civil service and placed in an extra-legal position. Political parties were banned, and as a result many [[Communist]] Party of Czechoslovakia [[leaders]] and members fled to the [[Soviet Union]].		The [[Gestapo]] [political police] also established themselves in the Protectorate. Their activities were directed mainly against renegade Czech politicians and the [[intelligentsia]] opposing the loss of Czech sovereignty, communists, and other enemies of the State. [[jews]] were dismissed from the civil service and placed in an extra-legal position. Political parties were banned, and as a result many [[Communist]] Party of Czechoslovakia [[leaders]] and members fled to the [[Soviet Union]].

	German involvement in the government was generally moderate during the early period of the Protectorate.		German involvement in the government was generally moderate during the early period of the Protectorate.
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	On October 18, 1939, the anniversary of the 1919 State, groups of Czechs demonstrated against the German Protectorate. The death on November 15, 1939 of a medical student who had been wounded in this October violence, precipitated widespread student demonstrations, and the authorities naturally retaliated. Politicians considered to be overtly sympathetic to Czech [[nationalism]] were arrested, as were an estimated 1,800 students and teachers known to be trouble-makers. On November 17 nine student leaders were executed, and hundreds were sent to [[concentration camp]]s in Germany.{{fact}} All universities and colleges in the Protectorate were then closed.		On October 18, 1939, the anniversary of the 1919 State, groups of Czechs demonstrated against the German Protectorate. The death on November 15, 1939 of a medical student who had been wounded in this October violence, precipitated widespread student demonstrations, and the authorities naturally retaliated. Politicians considered to be overtly sympathetic to Czech [[nationalism]] were arrested, as were an estimated 1,800 students and teachers known to be trouble-makers. On November 17 nine student leaders were executed, and hundreds were sent to [[concentration camp]]s in Germany.{{fact}} All universities and colleges in the Protectorate were then closed.

	On September 27, 1941, the Reich Government adopted a more radical policy in the Protectorate. SS official [[Reinhard Heydrich]] was appointed Deputy Reichsprotektor of Bohemia and Moravia. Under his authority Prime Minister [[Alois Eliáš]] was arrested, having maintained contact with the government-in-exile. Because of his participation also in the anti-[[Nazi]] resistance he was later executed. Heyrich reorganised the Czech government and all Czech cultural organizations were closed. The Gestapo also carried out arrests. The deportation of ~~Jews~~ to concentration camps was to be organized, and the fortress town of Theresienstadt was made into a ghetto station for [[~~Jewish~~]] families. On June 4, 1942, Heydrich died from septicaemia after being wounded by a [[terrorist]] assassin who had been parachuted into the Protectorate by the British RAF. Heydrich's successor, [[Colonel]] General of Germany's Order Police, [[Kurt Daluege]], ordered mass arrests and executions and the destruction of the village of [[Lidice]] as a reprisal and a lesson to all as to what would happen if anything like this occurred again.		On September 27, 1941, the Reich Government adopted a more radical policy in the Protectorate. SS official [[Reinhard Heydrich]] was appointed Deputy Reichsprotektor of Bohemia and Moravia. Under his authority Prime Minister [[Alois Eliáš]] was arrested, having maintained contact with the government-in-exile. Because of his participation also in the anti-[[Nazi]] resistance he was later executed. Heyrich reorganised the Czech government and all Czech cultural organizations were closed. The Gestapo also carried out arrests. The deportation of jews to concentration camps was to be organized, and the fortress town of Theresienstadt was made into a ghetto station for [[jewish]] families. On June 4, 1942, Heydrich died from septicaemia after being wounded by a [[terrorist]] assassin who had been parachuted into the Protectorate by the British RAF. Heydrich's successor, [[Colonel]] General of Germany's Order Police, [[Kurt Daluege]], ordered mass arrests and executions and the destruction of the village of [[Lidice]] as a reprisal and a lesson to all as to what would happen if anything like this occurred again.

	==War effort==		==War effort==
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	==Population and the future plan==		==Population and the future plan==
	In 1936 the population of [[Czecho-Slovakia]] was 15,187,000, of which 7,300,000 were Czechs, 2,300,000 Slovaks and 3,231,688 [[Germans]] plus numerous other nationalities including Hungarians, Ruthenians and ~~Jews~~.<ref>''Encyclopaedia Britannica - Book of the Year 1938'', London, 1938, p.188.</ref> The Czechs made up approx. 43% of the population. However it is difficult to assess the exact population of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia after the [[Sudetenland]] and [[Slovakia]] [[left]] the former state as no census was subsequently taken.		In 1936 the population of [[Czecho-Slovakia]] was 15,187,000, of which 7,300,000 were Czechs, 2,300,000 Slovaks and 3,231,688 [[Germans]] plus numerous other nationalities including Hungarians, Ruthenians and jews.<ref>''Encyclopaedia Britannica - Book of the Year 1938'', London, 1938, p.188.</ref> The Czechs made up approx. 43% of the population. However it is difficult to assess the exact population of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia after the [[Sudetenland]] and [[Slovakia]] [[left]] the former state as no census was subsequently taken.

	Hitler had approved a plan designed by [[Konstantin von Neurath]] and [[Karl Hermann Frank]], which projected the Germanization of the "racially valuable" half of the Czech population after the end of the war.<ref [[name]]="kroener255">{{cite book \|last1=Kroener\|first1=Bernhard R.\|last2=Müller\|first2=Rolf-Dieter\|last3=Umbreit\|first3=Hans\|title=Germany and the Second World War:Organization and mobilization of the German sphere of power. Wartime administration, economy, and manpower resources 1942-1944/5\|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2003\|page=255\|isbn=0198208731}}</ref> This consisted mainly of industrial workers and farmers.<ref name="kroener255"/> The undesirable half was said to contain the troublesome so-called intelligentsia, whom the National [[Socialists]] viewed as un-Germanizable and potentially [[DANGEROUS\|dangerous]] agitators of Czech nationalism, with their [[Great War]] disruptions and treachery during the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] still well within living memory. Some 9,000 [[Volksdeutsche]] from [[Bukovina]], [[Dobruja]], [[South Tyrol]], Bessarabia, Sudetenland and the [[Altreich]] were settled in the Protectorate during the war.<ref name="kroener255"/> The goal was to create a German settlement belt from Prague to Sudetenland, and to turn the surroundings of Olmetz, Budweis, [[Brünn]] and the area near the Slovak border into German enclaves.<ref name="kroener255"/>		Hitler had approved a plan designed by [[Konstantin von Neurath]] and [[Karl Hermann Frank]], which projected the Germanization of the "racially valuable" half of the Czech population after the end of the war.<ref [[name]]="kroener255">{{cite book \|last1=Kroener\|first1=Bernhard R.\|last2=Müller\|first2=Rolf-Dieter\|last3=Umbreit\|first3=Hans\|title=Germany and the Second World War:Organization and mobilization of the German sphere of power. Wartime administration, economy, and manpower resources 1942-1944/5\|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2003\|page=255\|isbn=0198208731}}</ref> This consisted mainly of industrial workers and farmers.<ref name="kroener255"/> The undesirable half was said to contain the troublesome so-called intelligentsia, whom the National [[Socialists]] viewed as un-Germanizable and potentially [[DANGEROUS\|dangerous]] agitators of Czech nationalism, with their [[Great War]] disruptions and treachery during the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] still well within living memory. Some 9,000 [[Volksdeutsche]] from [[Bukovina]], [[Dobruja]], [[South Tyrol]], Bessarabia, Sudetenland and the [[Altreich]] were settled in the Protectorate during the war.<ref name="kroener255"/> The goal was to create a German settlement belt from Prague to Sudetenland, and to turn the surroundings of Olmetz, Budweis, [[Brünn]] and the area near the Slovak border into German enclaves.<ref name="kroener255"/>

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹 at 08:02, 25 February 2024

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	In 1936 the population of [[Czecho-Slovakia]] was 15,187,000, of which 7,300,000 were Czechs, 2,300,000 Slovaks and 3,231,688 [[Germans]] plus numerous other nationalities including Hungarians, Ruthenians and Jews.<ref>''Encyclopaedia Britannica - Book of the Year 1938'', London, 1938, p.188.</ref> The Czechs made up approx. 43% of the population. However it is difficult to assess the exact population of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia after the [[Sudetenland]] and [[Slovakia]] [[left]] the former state as no census was subsequently taken.		In 1936 the population of [[Czecho-Slovakia]] was 15,187,000, of which 7,300,000 were Czechs, 2,300,000 Slovaks and 3,231,688 [[Germans]] plus numerous other nationalities including Hungarians, Ruthenians and Jews.<ref>''Encyclopaedia Britannica - Book of the Year 1938'', London, 1938, p.188.</ref> The Czechs made up approx. 43% of the population. However it is difficult to assess the exact population of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia after the [[Sudetenland]] and [[Slovakia]] [[left]] the former state as no census was subsequently taken.

	Hitler had approved a plan designed by [[Konstantin von Neurath]] and [[Karl Hermann Frank]], which projected the Germanization of the "racially valuable" half of the Czech population after the end of the war.<ref [[name]]="kroener255">{{cite book \|last1=Kroener\|first1=Bernhard R.\|last2=Müller\|first2=Rolf-Dieter\|last3=Umbreit\|first3=Hans\|title=Germany and the Second World War:Organization and mobilization of the German sphere of power. Wartime administration, economy, and manpower resources 1942-1944/5\|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2003\|page=255\|isbn=0198208731}}</ref> This consisted mainly of industrial workers and farmers.<ref name="kroener255"/> The undesirable half was said to contain the troublesome so-called intelligentsia, whom the National [[Socialists]] viewed as un-Germanizable and potentially dangerous agitators of Czech nationalism, with their [[Great War]] disruptions and treachery during the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] still well within living memory. Some 9,000 [[Volksdeutsche]] from [[Bukovina]], [[Dobruja]], [[South Tyrol]], Bessarabia, Sudetenland and the [[Altreich]] were settled in the Protectorate during the war.<ref name="kroener255"/> The goal was to create a German settlement belt from Prague to Sudetenland, and to turn the surroundings of Olmetz, Budweis, [[Brünn]] and the area near the Slovak border into German enclaves.<ref name="kroener255"/>		Hitler had approved a plan designed by [[Konstantin von Neurath]] and [[Karl Hermann Frank]], which projected the Germanization of the "racially valuable" half of the Czech population after the end of the war.<ref [[name]]="kroener255">{{cite book \|last1=Kroener\|first1=Bernhard R.\|last2=Müller\|first2=Rolf-Dieter\|last3=Umbreit\|first3=Hans\|title=Germany and the Second World War:Organization and mobilization of the German sphere of power. Wartime administration, economy, and manpower resources 1942-1944/5\|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2003\|page=255\|isbn=0198208731}}</ref> This consisted mainly of industrial workers and farmers.<ref name="kroener255"/> The undesirable half was said to contain the troublesome so-called intelligentsia, whom the National [[Socialists]] viewed as un-Germanizable and potentially [[DANGEROUS\|dangerous]] agitators of Czech nationalism, with their [[Great War]] disruptions and treachery during the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] still well within living memory. Some 9,000 [[Volksdeutsche]] from [[Bukovina]], [[Dobruja]], [[South Tyrol]], Bessarabia, Sudetenland and the [[Altreich]] were settled in the Protectorate during the war.<ref name="kroener255"/> The goal was to create a German settlement belt from Prague to Sudetenland, and to turn the surroundings of Olmetz, Budweis, [[Brünn]] and the area near the Slovak border into German enclaves.<ref name="kroener255"/>

	Further [[integration]] of the protectorate into the Reich was carried through by the employment of German apprentices, by transferring German evacuee children into schools located in the protectorate, and by authorizing marriages between Germans and assimilable Czechs.<ref name="kroener255"/> Germanizable Czechs were allowed to join the [[Reich Labour Service]] and be admitted to German universities.<ref name="kroener255"/>		Further [[integration]] of the protectorate into the Reich was carried through by the employment of German apprentices, by transferring German evacuee children into schools located in the protectorate, and by authorizing marriages between Germans and assimilable Czechs.<ref name="kroener255"/> Germanizable Czechs were allowed to join the [[Reich Labour Service]] and be admitted to German universities.<ref name="kroener255"/>
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𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹 at 08:00, 25 February 2024

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	==References==		==References==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist\|2}}

	[[German history]]		[[German history]]

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	[[Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1987-0210-504, Alois Elias.jpg\|thumb\|285px\|[[Alois Eliáš]], first [[Prime Minister]] of the Protectorate, 1939–1941. He was found to be in regular contact with saboteurs and the illegal Czech Government in exile, and executed.]]		[[Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1987-0210-504, Alois Elias.jpg\|thumb\|285px\|[[Alois Eliáš]], first [[Prime Minister]] of the Protectorate, 1939–1941. He was found to be in regular contact with saboteurs and the illegal Czech Government in exile, and executed.]]
	[[Image:Krejci Jaroslav sx.jpg\|thumb\|285px\|[[Jaroslav Krejčí]], who succeeded Eliáš as Prime Minister (28 Sept 1941 to 19 Jan 1945) giving a speech in [[Tábor]]. After the war, Krejčí was sentenced by the Czech [[communists]] to 25-years in prison, where he died.]]		[[Image:Krejci Jaroslav sx.jpg\|thumb\|285px\|[[Jaroslav Krejčí]], who succeeded Eliáš as Prime Minister (28 Sept 1941 to 19 Jan 1945) giving a speech in [[Tábor]]. After the war, Krejčí was sentenced by the Czech [[communists]] to 25-years in prison, where he died.]]
	[[File:Heydrich in Farbe.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|285px\|''[[SS-Obergruppenführer]]'' and General of Police [[Reinhard Heydrich]], ''Reichsprotektor'' (Reich Protector) of Bohemia and Moravia]]		[[File:Heydrich in Farbe.png\|thumb\|285px\|''[[SS-Obergruppenführer]]'' and General of Police [[Reinhard Heydrich]], ''Reichsprotektor'' (Reich Protector) of Bohemia and Moravia]]

	The [[Sudetenland]] constituted a considerable part of the borderlands of Czechoslovakia with Germany and Austria and contained a majority of ethnic German inhabitants. Under the [[Munich Agreement]] it was detached from Czechoslovakia and incorporated directly into Greater Germany on 10 October, 1938. Five months later, after the Slovak Diet unanimously declared the independence of [[Slovakia]], the Czech President [[Emil Hácha]] and his Foreign Minister travelled to [[Berlin]] and persuaded [[Hitler]] into accepting his remaining rump state as a Protectorate.		The [[Sudetenland]] constituted a considerable part of the borderlands of Czechoslovakia with Germany and Austria and contained a majority of ethnic German inhabitants. Under the [[Munich Agreement]] it was detached from Czechoslovakia and incorporated directly into Greater Germany on 10 October, 1938. Five months later, after the Slovak Diet unanimously declared the independence of [[Slovakia]], the Czech President [[Emil Hácha]] and his Foreign Minister travelled to [[Berlin]] and persuaded [[Hitler]] into accepting his remaining rump state as a Protectorate.
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	===German Administration===		===German Administration===
	Ultimate authority within the Protectorate was held by the Reich Protector (''Reichsprotektor''), the area's senior [[National Socialist]] administrator whose task it was to represent the interests of the German state. The Office and title were held by a variety of persons during the Protectorate's existence. In succession these were:		Ultimate authority within the Protectorate was held by the Reich Protector (''Reichsprotektor''), the area's senior [[National Socialist]] administrator whose task it was to represent the interests of the German state. The Office and title were held by a variety of persons during the Protectorate's existence. In succession these were:
	[[File:Vládní vojsko - uniforma (VHU).~~jpg~~\|thumb\|285px\|Uniform of the army of the Protectorate (''Vládní vojsko'')]]		[[File:Vládní vojsko - uniforma (VHU).png\|thumb\|285px\|Uniform of the army of the Protectorate (''Vládní vojsko'')]]
	*16 March 1939 - 20 August 1943:		*16 March 1939 - 20 August 1943:
	[[Konstantin von Neurath]], former Foreign Minister of [[National Socialist Germany\|Germany]], Minister without Portfolio until 1943. He was removed from office after Hitler's dissatisfaction with his "soft policies" in 1941, although he still held the title until his official resignation in 1943.		[[Konstantin von Neurath]], former Foreign Minister of [[National Socialist Germany\|Germany]], Minister without Portfolio until 1943. He was removed from office after Hitler's dissatisfaction with his "soft policies" in 1941, although he still held the title until his official resignation in 1943.
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	==Administrative Subdivisions==		==Administrative Subdivisions==
	[[Image:Protektorat Bohmen-Mahren.png\|thumb\|right\|285px\|Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]]		[[Image:Protektorat Bohmen-Mahren.png\|thumb\|right\|285px\|Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]]
	[[File:Sudetenland.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|285px\|''[[Reichsgau Sudetenland]]'', also short ''Sudetengau'', and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia from 1938/39 until 1945]]		[[File:Sudetenland.png\|thumb\|285px\|''[[Reichsgau Sudetenland]]'', also short ''Sudetengau'', and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia from 1938/39 until 1945]]
	===Protectorate Districts===		===Protectorate Districts===
	For administrative purposes the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was divided into two Lands; Böhmen (Bohemia) and Mähren (Moravia). Each of these was further subdivided into ''Oberlandratsbezirke'', each comprising a number of ''Bezirke''.		For administrative purposes the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was divided into two Lands; Böhmen (Bohemia) and Mähren (Moravia). Each of these was further subdivided into ''Oberlandratsbezirke'', each comprising a number of ''Bezirke''.