Independent State of Croatia: Difference between revisions

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{{Dmbg|fascist Croatia|modern Croatia|Croatia}}{{Nopic}}{{Cleanup}}
{{Infobox Country
Following the end of the [[First World War]], Kraljevina Srba Hrvata i Slovenaca (Eng: the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes – SHS) was formed in December of 1918 with the aim of uniting all Southern Slavs. This new state was (at least in theory) based on the principles of equality of these three nationalities. In reality, this Kingdom was a politically and ethnically divided country. During the 1920s, there were huge political disagreements between the major parties which brought about questions regarding the continuous existence of the Kingdom of SHS. This division was especially noted between the Serbian and Croatian politicians, which ultimately culminated in the assasination of several Croatian Peasant Party members, including the leader, [[Stjepan Radić]], by a Serbian Politician in 1928.
|native_name            = ''Nezavisna Država Hrvatska''
|conventional_long_name = Independent State of Croatia
|image_flag = 800px-Flagge des USK.svg.png
|alt_flag =
|common_name = [[Croatia]]
|linking_name = Independent State of Croatia
|image_coat =
|alt_coat =
|symbol_type =
|other_symbol_type =
|other_symbol =
|image_map = Independent State of Croatia, maps.jpg
|national_anthem =
|official_languages = Croatian
|languages_type = National language
|languages =
|regional_languages =
|demonym = Croat or Croatian
|ethnic_groups =
|capital = [[Zagreb]]
|latd =
|latm =
|latNS =
|longd =
|longm =
|longEW =
|largest_city = capital
|government_type = [[Constitutional monarchy]]<br>(1941 - 1943)<br><br>[[Republic]]<br>(1943 - 1945)
}}


On 6th of January 1929, King [[Aleksandar Karađorđević]], in an attempt to avoid the incoming political crisis, led the country into a dictatorship by abolishing parliament. He also introduced a number of political changes, including changing the name of the country to Kraljevina Jugoslavija (Eng: Kingdom of Yugoslavia). This essentially did not resolve much, as the interethnic tensions were still present. During the early 1930s, the first mentions of Croatian Ustaše (the precise meaning is unknown, but could be roughly translated as insurgent) revolutionary organizations began to appear in Yugoslavia. Their main aim was liberation of Croation people from Yugoslavia by all means necessary, even by force. One of the most prominent figures of this organisation was [[Ante Pavelić]].
The '''Independent State of Croatia''' ([[Croatian language|Croatian]]: ''Nezavisna Država Hrvatska'', NDH; {{lang-de|Unabhängiger Staat Kroatien}}) was a [[Croatia]]n state under the rule of the [[Ustasha movement]]. It existed from 10 April 1941 to 8 May 1945. From 1941 until 1943 it was a [[Protectorate]] of Italy, until it's betrayal of the [[Axis powers]] ([https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Fall_Achse ''Fall Achse'']).


Ante Pavelić was a high ranking [[Ustaša]] member from the start, and later de facto leader of the NDH. In 1932, a group of members from this organisation attacked a small police station in the village of Brušani, because they had announced that they were openly communist. Due to active police actions, this organisation’s activities were considerably limited in Yugoslavia. However, it gained support from Hungary and, to a great extent, from Italy during the 1930s. These two states both had territorial disputes with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia following the end of the First World War. Communist forces  assassinated the Yugoslav King, Alexander Karađorđević, in Marseille in 1934, and tried to blame it on the Ustaša. This false flag assassination greatly damaged the Ustaše organisation. This led the Italian authorities to effectively remove their support from the Ustaše and even arrested some of its members, including Pavelić.
==Government==
*'''King''': Tomislav II (1941–1943)
*'''Poglavnik''' (leader): [[Ante Pavelić]] (1941–1945)
*'''Prime Minister''':
** 1941–1943 Ante Pavelić
**1943–1945 Nikola Mandić


After years of little activity, the Ustaše benefited when the Yugoslavian government, which supported the Axis, but was overturned by Marxist officers in a military coup at the end of March 1941. The Italians, preparing to join the war against Yugoslavia, began once more to support the Crotian Ustaše movement. With the collapse of the later Kingdom of Yugoslavia during after the short April War of 1941, Croatia was finally able to declare independence. [[Ante Pavelić]] was elected leader.  
== History ==
===WWII===
The establishment of the Independent State of Croatia was proclaimed by [[Slavko Kvaternik]] over Radio Zagreb at 4pm on 10 April 1941 in the name of the ''Poglavnik'' (leader) of the Ustasha movement, Dr. [[Ante Pavelić]]. It was made possible by the penetration by the [[Tripartite Pact]] countries (notably [[National Socialist Germany]] and the [[Kingdom of Italy]]) in the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. As a result, the Independent State of Croatia became a close ally of National Socialist Germany and a member of the Tripartite Pact during its entire existence.


The Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH (Eng: Independent State of Croatia), was declared on the 10th of April 1941. The new state received a significant territorial expansion after the short civil war by annexing most of western Yugoslavia, including Bosnia, parts of Serbia,  Montenegro and the Adriatic coast.
: ''"Thus on 15 April 1941, Pavelić came to power, albeit a very limited power, in the new Ustasha state under the umbrella of German and Italian forces. On the same day German ''Führer'' [[Adolf Hitler]] and Italian ''Duce'' [[Benito Mussolini]] granted recognition to the Croatian state and declared that their governments would be glad to participate with the Croatian government in determining its frontiers."''


For the NDH, Germany was a vital political ally and once the war turned against the Axis after 1943 onwards, this cooperation became even more important for both sides given the rapid advances of Communist forces on all fronts.  
The country was ruled by the ''Poglavnik''<ref>''Poglavnik'' was a term coined by the [[Ustaše]], and it was originally used as the title for the leader of the movement. In 1941 it was institutionalized in the NDH as the title of first the Prime Minister (1941–43), and then the Head of State (1943–45). It was at all times held by Ante Pavelić and became synonymous with him. The translation of the term varies. The root of the word is the Croatian word "glava", meaning "head" ("Po-glav(a)-nik"). The more literal translation is "head-man", while "leader" captures more of the meaning of the term (in relation to the German "Führer" and Italian "Duce").</ref> Dr. Ante Pavelić and his [[Croatian nationalism|Croatian nationalist]] and [[fascism|fascist]] movement [[Ustasha – Croatian Liberation Movement]], and from [[1941]] to [[1943]], officialy the king was [[Aimone de Savoia-Aosta]] under his royal name [[Tomislav II]]. Despite a state of war, which lasted for all time of the existence of the Independent State of Croatia, a rich cultural, artistic and scientific activities was developed, and the state provided social protection for its citizens.  


Communist resistance movements began to emerge on its territory, as they did everywhere. And the fascist forces proved inadequite for fighting these Marxist insurgents. This led to nearly five years of continuous fighting and Marxist atrocities which would end in 1945 with the defeat of the Ustaše Administration by the victorious Yugoslav Communist  Partisans.
Initially divided into [[Ustasha Militia]] and [[Croatian Home Guard]], than united in the [[Croatian Armed Forces]], the Armed Forces of the Independent State of Croatia was the strongest military force in [[Southeast Europe]] during [[Second World War]] and they were forced to provide superhuman resistance against rebel troops of [[communist]] [[Yugoslav Partisans|Yugoslav Partisans]] and [[Chetniks|Serbian Chetniks]] who aspired demolition of the Croatian state.  The Partisan commander, [[Josip Broz Tito]], was half Slovene, half Croatian. After Italy abandoned the war in 1943, German forces occupied western Croatia and the NDH annexed the territory ceded to Italy in 1941.


[[Category:Nations]]
===Post-WWII===
[[Category:Places]]
 
After the surrender of the [[Wehrmacht]] and retreat of the Croatian State Government and senior civil and military officials to [[Austria]] in May 1945, blood-thirsty Yugoslav partisans entered in [[Zagreb]] on [[8 May 1945]] and thus marked breakdown of Croatia.
 
After the reconstruction of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] in 1945, controversies over the alleged existence of [[concentration camps]] in the Independent State of Croatia and plan for extermination of [[Serbs]], [[Jews]] and [[Gypsies]] in Croatia was occured, but those arguments have not been proven to this day.
 
==Quotes==
[[Reichsführer-SS]] [[Heinrich Himmler]] is quoted characterizing the Independent State of Croatia as "ridiculous":
 
: ''"Syrmien<ref>Syrmia/Srem was the home of many ''[[Volksdeutsche]]'', mainly Banat Swabians.</ref> is the breadbasket of Croatia, and hopefully it and our beloved German settlements will be secured. I hope that the area south of Srem will be liberated by ... [[13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)|the Bosnian division]] ... so that we can at least restore partial order in this ridiculous state."''<ref>[https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia#cite_note-5 Independent State of Croatia ]</ref>
 
== See also ==
* [[Ante Pavelić]]
* [[Ustasha movement]]
==External links==
* [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Kroatische_Legion ''Kroatische Legion'']
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
[[Category:Croatia]]
[[Category:Croatian nationalism]]
[[Category:Former countries in Europe]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Europe]]
[[Category:World War II]]
 
[[de:Unabhängiger Staat Kroatien]]
[[es:Nezavisna Država Hrvatska]]
[[hr:Nezavisna Država Hrvatska]]
[[pt:Estado Independente da Croácia]]
[[sv:Oberoende staten Kroatien]]

Revision as of 14:13, 11 October 2022

Independent State of Croatia
Nezavisna Država Hrvatska
Flag of Croatia
Location of Croatia
Capital
and largest city		Zagreb
Official languages Croatian
Demonym Croat or Croatian
Government Constitutional monarchy
(1941 - 1943)

Republic
(1943 - 1945)

The Independent State of Croatia (Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH;) was a Croatian state under the rule of the Ustasha movement. It existed from 10 April 1941 to 8 May 1945. From 1941 until 1943 it was a Protectorate of Italy, until it's betrayal of the Axis powers (Fall Achse).

Government

  • King: Tomislav II (1941–1943)
  • Poglavnik (leader): Ante Pavelić (1941–1945)
  • Prime Minister:
    • 1941–1943 Ante Pavelić
    • 1943–1945 Nikola Mandić

History

WWII

The establishment of the Independent State of Croatia was proclaimed by Slavko Kvaternik over Radio Zagreb at 4pm on 10 April 1941 in the name of the Poglavnik (leader) of the Ustasha movement, Dr. Ante Pavelić. It was made possible by the penetration by the Tripartite Pact countries (notably National Socialist Germany and the Kingdom of Italy) in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. As a result, the Independent State of Croatia became a close ally of National Socialist Germany and a member of the Tripartite Pact during its entire existence.

"Thus on 15 April 1941, Pavelić came to power, albeit a very limited power, in the new Ustasha state under the umbrella of German and Italian forces. On the same day German Führer Adolf Hitler and Italian Duce Benito Mussolini granted recognition to the Croatian state and declared that their governments would be glad to participate with the Croatian government in determining its frontiers."

The country was ruled by the Poglavnik[1] Dr. Ante Pavelić and his Croatian nationalist and fascist movement Ustasha – Croatian Liberation Movement, and from 1941 to 1943, officialy the king was Aimone de Savoia-Aosta under his royal name Tomislav II. Despite a state of war, which lasted for all time of the existence of the Independent State of Croatia, a rich cultural, artistic and scientific activities was developed, and the state provided social protection for its citizens.

Initially divided into Ustasha Militia and Croatian Home Guard, than united in the Croatian Armed Forces, the Armed Forces of the Independent State of Croatia was the strongest military force in Southeast Europe during Second World War and they were forced to provide superhuman resistance against rebel troops of communist Yugoslav Partisans and Serbian Chetniks who aspired demolition of the Croatian state. The Partisan commander, Josip Broz Tito, was half Slovene, half Croatian. After Italy abandoned the war in 1943, German forces occupied western Croatia and the NDH annexed the territory ceded to Italy in 1941.

Post-WWII

After the surrender of the Wehrmacht and retreat of the Croatian State Government and senior civil and military officials to Austria in May 1945, blood-thirsty Yugoslav partisans entered in Zagreb on 8 May 1945 and thus marked breakdown of Croatia.

After the reconstruction of Yugoslavia in 1945, controversies over the alleged existence of concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia and plan for extermination of Serbs, Jews and Gypsies in Croatia was occured, but those arguments have not been proven to this day.

Quotes

Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler is quoted characterizing the Independent State of Croatia as "ridiculous":

"Syrmien[2] is the breadbasket of Croatia, and hopefully it and our beloved German settlements will be secured. I hope that the area south of Srem will be liberated by ... the Bosnian division ... so that we can at least restore partial order in this ridiculous state."[3]

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ Poglavnik was a term coined by the Ustaše, and it was originally used as the title for the leader of the movement. In 1941 it was institutionalized in the NDH as the title of first the Prime Minister (1941–43), and then the Head of State (1943–45). It was at all times held by Ante Pavelić and became synonymous with him. The translation of the term varies. The root of the word is the Croatian word "glava", meaning "head" ("Po-glav(a)-nik"). The more literal translation is "head-man", while "leader" captures more of the meaning of the term (in relation to the German "Führer" and Italian "Duce").
  2. ↑ Syrmia/Srem was the home of many Volksdeutsche, mainly Banat Swabians.
  3. ↑ Independent State of Croatia

de:Unabhängiger Staat Kroatien es:Nezavisna Država Hrvatska hr:Nezavisna Država Hrvatska pt:Estado Independente da Croácia sv:Oberoende staten Kroatien

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