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| | [[File:Arthur de Gobineau.png|thumb|300px|[[Racial thinker]] and [[Race theorist|theorist]] Comtede Gobineau is best known for his book [https://ia800507.us.archive.org/16/items/inequalityofhuma00gobi/inequalityofhuma00gobi.pdf ''Inequality of the Human Races''] which proposed three human races (black, white and yellow) were natural barriers and stetd that [[race mixing]] would lead to the collapse of culture and civilization. He stated that "The white race originally possessed the monopoly of beauty, intelligence and strength" and that any positive accomplishments or thinking of [[blacks]] and [[Asians]] were due to an admixture with [[whites]].]] |
| '''GOBINEAU, Joseph Arthur de''', (b. Ville-d’Avray, near Paris, July 14, 1816; d. Turin, October 13, 1882), French author, artist, [[polemist]], Orientalist, and diplomat, whose influential socio-historical and racial Theories were expounded in his writings, and particularly in his ''Essai sur l’inégalité desraces humaines'' (hereafter Essai). | | '''Joseph Arthur Comte (Count) de Gobineau''' (14 July 1816 – 13 October 1882) was a French aristocrat, diplomat, journalist, novelist, and a writer on [[race]]. |
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| =Biography= | | ==Life== |
| Gobineau came from an old and well-established family from Bordeaux. His father Louis (1784-1858), a military officer, was for a time retained in [[Spain]] (1823-28), and the son’s education was left to his moTher and her lover, Charles Sottin de la Coindière, who was Arthur’s private tutor. Having failed to enter the military academy of Saint-Cyr (1835), Arthur settled in Paris and lived on an allowance from a wealthy uncle, Thibault-Joseph (1775-1855). He frequented the [[legitimist]] circles that supported the elder branch of the Bourbon dynasty and made influential friends. He collaborated with some periodicals and from time to time attended the lectures of the Orientalist Étienne Quatremère (1782-1857) at the Collège de France. In 1846, he married Clémence-Gabrielle Monnerot Destourelles, a Creole from Martinique. they had two daughters. | | Count de Gobineau believed that the different races originated in different areas, the [[white race]] had originated somewhere in [[Siberia]], the [[Asians]] in the Americas and the [[blacks]] in [[Africa]]. He believed that the white race was superior, writing: |
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| His acquaintance with Alexis de Tocqueville in 1843 was decisive for his diplomatic career. In June 1849, [[Tocqueville]] became minister of foreign affairs and appointed him as his chef de cabinet. He Then entered the diplomatic service and held the following posts: first secretary, French legation, Bern (1849-53); chargé d’affaires, Hanover (temporary mission, 1851); first secretary, French legation, Frankfurt (1854); secretary, French mission, Tehran (1855-58, chargé d’affaires from October 1856); mission to Newfoundland (1859); minister, Tehran (1862-63); Athens (1864-68); Rio de Janeiro (1869-70); Stockholm (1872-77).
| | :''I will not wait for the friends of equality to show me such and such passages in books written by missionaries or sea captains, who declare some Wolof is a fine carpenter, some [[Hottentot]] a good servant, that a [[Kaffir]] dances and plays the violin, that some Bambara knows arithmetic […] Let us leave aside these puerilities and compare together not men, but groups.'' |
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| Although he took his duties seriously, he was an unruly civil servant, and his diplomatic posts enabled him to nurture his restlessness as well as several amorous quests. His liaison with the Contessa Mathilde de la Tour, from 1872, led to his separation from his wife and daughters (1876) and to the selling of his Château de Trye (1878), which had been bought with his uncle’s inheritance in 1857, and also accounted for his retirement.
| | Gobineau later used the term "[[Aryans]]" to describe the [[Germanic race]] (''la race germanique''). The Germanic race was regarded by Gobineau as beautiful, honourable and destined to rule: ''cette illustre famille humaine, la plus noble''. While ''arya'' was originally an endonym used only by Indo-Iranians, "Aryan" became, partly because of the Essai a racial designation of a race, which Gobineau specified as ''la race germanique''.<ref>A. J. Woodman: ''The Cambridge Companion to [[Tacitus]]'', 2009, p. 294.</ref> |
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| During his return visits to France, he was active in local politics and administration. He was elected mayor of Trye in November 1863. During the Franco-Prussian war (1870-71), he succeeded in reducing the excessive war contribution imposed by the Prussians. He resigned from his post as a mayor (November 1870) and witnessed and condemned the Paris Commune insurrection and its aftermath (March-May 1871).
| | He was a personal friend with [[Alexis de Tocqueville]], which politically correct sources today try to downplay. Gobineau was for 30 years a diplomat and traveled widely, with his experiences of different cultures and peoples influencing his writings and theories. He was a diplomat in Iran, Athens, Rio de Janeiro, and Stockholm. He was reported to be an effective diplomat and a man of great charm.<ref name=amren/> |
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| From June 1875, he went on travels (Hamburg, Berlin, Paris, and Carlsbad). He accompanied his friend Dom Pedro II, the emperor of Brazil, through Russia, Turkey, and Greece (autumn 1876). After a prolonged tour of Rome, Florence, Vienna, and Berlin, he returned to Paris where the minister of foreign affairs, Louis Descazes, forced him to retire from the service (January 1877). His last years were spent mostly in Italy, with brief sojourns in France and Germany. He settled at Rome in October 1877, aspiring to become a professional sculptor. After a last stay at Madame de la Tour’s Château de Chaméane, Auvergne (summer 1882), he left again for [[Italy]] and died in Turin.
| | He is today most well-known for his writings on race and has even been described as the father or founder of [[racism]] or [[race realism]]. However, he was not the first who wrote on race, but he may have differed from earlier writers by being the first to more systematically write about race as a major factor in world history. He argued the importance of race on civilizations and [[race mixing]] as a cause of the decline and fall of civilizations.<ref name=amren>Who Was the ‘Father of Racism’? https://www.amren.com/news/2009/12/who_was_the_fat/</ref> |
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| =Associations=
| | Gobineau published his major work, ''An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races'', in four volumes, from 1853 to 1855. It did not attract much notice, and only began to influence European thinking 20 years later, after Gobineau became friends with [[Richard Wagner]]. Gobineau was selectively cited by [[National Socialists]], contributing to Gobineau's negative reputation in the 20th century. Not cited were his views on jews, his negative views on lower classes, and his pessimism regarding inevitable declines.<ref name=amren/> Gobineau is frequently depicted as a [[White supremacist]], despite seeing the decline of the [[United States]] as inevitable due to the mixture of races living there and |
| Gobineau befriended and corresponded with many [[intellectuals]] and [[politician]]s, and most notably with Alexis de Tocqueville (historian and politician, 1805-59); Anton Prokesch von Osten (Austrian Orientalist and diplomat 1795-1876), met at Frankfurt, 1854; Edward Robert Bulwer-Lytton (1st Earl of Lytton, English diplomat and poet 1831-91, viceroy of India, 1875-80), met at Athens 1865; Dom Pedro II, emperor of Brazil (1825-91; r. 1841-89), met at Rio, 1869; the counts Florimond de Basterot (1836-1904) and Ugo Sanvitale (1825-86), both met at Rome; Richard Wagner (1813-83), met at [[Rome]], 1876, with whom he stayed at Beruit. He also kept a regular correspondence with his family and numerous relations, and with acquaintances both in France and abroad. | |
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| =Honors=
| | : "''[[Enslavement]] and displacement were cruel, and any attempt to civilize non-whites would only confuse and distress them. [...] Civilization was therefore doomed in the United States even before the Civil War! [...] He would have warned against any form of conquest or expansion as leading inevitably to mixture and decline.''"<ref name=amren/> |
| Although he often expressed his contempt for successive French governments, Gobineau sought official honors eagerly. He was granted The Légion d’Honneur (chevalier, 1851, officer, 1855, commandeur,1868). He also received major decorations from Germany, Persia, Brazil, and Sweden; but he failed in his attempts to enter The Académie des sciences morales et politiques (1854) and The Académie française(1871). In 1853 he bestowed on himself the title of comte.
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| =Author= | | == Works (excerpt)== |
| For a long time, Gobineau enjoyed a higher reputation in [[Germany]] than in France. From the outset, he was generally perceived as a gifted amateur, his literary production ranging from political articles to verse romances, feuilletons, and a stage play in verse. His early criticism of the French literary establishment made him many enemies<ref>(Études critiques 1842-1847)</ref>. His Essai (1853-55), revealing his interests as a [[moralist]] and [[ethnologist]], made little impact beyond the close circle of his friends (Charles de Rémusat, Ernest Renan, and Alfred Maury). He expected but did not receive the approval of Alexis de Tocqueville or of the German Orientalists Georg Heinrich August von Ewald (1803-75) and August Friedrich Pott (1802-87). Initially inspired by the Saint-Simonian ideas of Victor Courtet, The Essai was an eclectic work based on several contemporary German publications, including Ewald’s and Pott’s <ref>(see Œuvres I, pp. 1235 ff.)</ref>. RaTher than expounding [[racial]] and political problems, this romantic and pessimistic vision of human history delved into the author’s personal myth. His unhappy childhood and youth perhaps accounted for his dark vision of humanity and his permanent quest for his allegedly noble origins. He conceived his three main works as a triptych based on ethnic analysis: The Essai, The Histoire des Perses (1869), and The Histoire d’Ottar Jarl, pirate norvégien (1879), retracing his fanciful genealogy <ref>(Œuvres I, pp. 1219, 1279, 1470, note 3)</ref>. Conceived in his youth, The Essai was the basis of all his future work<ref>(Œuvres I, p. 1173)</ref>.
| | *[http://www.archive.org/download/TheMoralAndIntellectualDiversityOfTheRaces/pngs.zip The Moral and Intellectual Diversity of the Races (1856); (zip-packed pages 22MB)] |
| | *[http://books.google.com/books?id=kH0GAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=Arthur+de+Gobineau&as_brr=1#PPP7,M1 ''Les religions et les philosophies dans l'Asie centrale'' by Arthur de Gobineau at Google Books] |
| | *[http://books.google.com/books?id=0XErAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=Arthur+de+Gobineau&as_brr=1#PPP11,M1 ''Trois ans en Asie (de 1855 à 1858)'' by Arthur de Gobineau at Google Books] |
| | *[http://books.google.com/books?id=_ActAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA3&dq=Arthur+de+Gobineau&as_brr=1 ''Histoire d'Ottar jarl, pirate norvégien, conquérant du pays de Bray, en Normandie, et de sa Desendence'' by Arthur de Gobineau at Google Books] |
| | *[http://books.google.com/books?id=5MvZTESXIokC&pg=PA63&dq=Arthur+de+Gobineau&as_brr=1#PPA3-IA2,M1 ''Lecture des textes cunéiformes'' by Arthur de Gobineau at Google Books] |
| | * [https://archive.org/details/inequalityofhuma00gobi/page/n5/mode/2up An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races] |
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| =Missions= | | == External links == |
| His Persian missions may have been for him a second birth, although his achievements as an [[Orientalist]] remain controversial. From his early youth, he had shown a fondness for such literary figures as Ariosto, Cervantes, Lord Byron, and Sir Walter Scott. He enjoyed reading TheThousand and One Nights</ref>(in Antoine Galland’s translation)</ref>, and he admired [[medieval]] chivalrous qualities and endowed his heroes with Them. He excelled as a storyteller, and his short stories were filled with his recollections of Greece and Newfoundland (Souvenirs de voyage, 1872) and Persia<ref>Nouvelles asiatiques, 1876</ref>. He regarded Les Pléiades (1874) as his best work of fiction in prose<ref>(Œuvres III, p. 929)</ref>.
| | === On Gobineau === |
| His sudden interest in sculpture (AThens, 1866) occupied much of his time, along with his continuing poetic ambitions, although in both his achievements were somewhat mediocre. He was increasingly haunted in his final years by the notion of European decadence<ref>Œuvres III, Gaulmier’s introduction, p. xlvi f.</ref>
| | *[https://www.amren.com/news/2009/12/who_was_the_fat/ Who Was the ‘Father of Racism’?] |
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| =Orientalism= | | ==References== |
| His involvement in Oriental history became more serious when he became a member of the Société Asiatique (1852) and entertained friendly relations and correspondence with its president Jules Mohl (1800-76). His meeting with Prokesch-Osten and furTher correspondence with him, notably on [[numismatics]], increased his interest in Orientalism<ref>(Gaulmier, ibid, pp. xiii ff.)</ref>. But it was his two [[Persia]]n missions which provided the stimuli and the material for his interest in the east. His keen observations on Persian people, life, customs, religions, art, architecture, etc. were, however, biased by his constant need to verify his racial Theories.
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| Moreover, he never acquired sufficient basic training for his ambitious linguistic and historical projects, although apparently, he devoted much time in learning Persian with “Mirza Agha,” his informant on dialects<ref>Duff, Lettres persanes, p. 65; Correspondance Prokesch, p. 61</ref>. His extant incoherent transcriptions are evidence of his limited knowledge of written Persian poetry and prose. His research on [[Iran]]ian dialects and his fanciful Theories on the origins of the Afghans <ref>Boissel, 1974, pp. 338, 341 ff.</ref> led nowhere. In spite of the research already undertaken by Eugène Burnouf (q.v.), Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, and Jules Oppert, on the decipherment of the cuneiform script (q.v.), Gobineau published his Lecture des textes cunéiformes (1858), conceived as part of a book on the genealogical history of the Iranian nations and in which he opposed Their views. He thought that the cursive script predated the cuneiform, and he regarded the latter as an Iranian invention, and the language of the texts still being used in the 3rd century C.E.<ref>Boissel, 1974, p. 373</ref> the book had a hostile critical reception <ref>(Boissel, 1974, pp. 355 ff.).</ref> During his second Persian mission, he renewed his contacts with such scholars as Rabbi Mollā Lālazār Hamadāni and pursued his cuneiform studies. In his Traité des écritures cunéiformes (1864), based essentially on “rabbinical, Arabic and semiticized Parsi traditions” he furTher interpreted cuneiform through [[Gnostic]] and talismanic notions, resulting in even harsher criticism of his Theories <ref>Œuvres II, Gaulmier’s introduction, pp. xlii ff.</ref>. From 1856 he started to write parts of his Histoire généalogique des nations iraniennes, published as Histoire des Perses (1869), a work devoid of any scholarly value. Discarding historical chronology and existing European scholarship on the topic, he relied mainly on legendary and epic literature such as The Kuš-nāma<ref>Gaulmier, ibid. pp. xxiv ff</ref>, this long post-Ferdowsian epic was also used in his poem “Ferydoun,” which was focused mainly on the antagonism between the Assyrians as Semites and the Iranians as Aryans<ref>Molé, pp. 117 ff.; on Gobineau’s historical method, see Minorsky, pp. 118 f.</ref>
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| His experiences in Persia enabled him to write his three best Oriental works. Trois ans en Asie (1859) is a lively account of his first voyage and sojourn in Persia, which is complemented by his abundant correspondence. Influenced by his racial Theories and esoteric views, Lesreligions et philosophies dans l’Asie centrale (1865) is based on personal contacts and observations, notably on [[Babism]] (q.v.) and its recent evolution (chapters 6-12), and about the taʿzia-ḵᵛāni (chapters 13-16). Apart from Chardin (q.v.) and some English authors, Gobineau is dismissive of previous accounts of Persia by westerners and does not usually quote Them. He also expresses a dislike for Joseph Philippe Ferrier (q.v.), who was Rawlinson’s friend (Boissel, 1974, pp. 298ff.). On taʿzia-ḵᵛāni, he does not mention any previous accounts (Calmard, Mécénat, i., pp. 82 ff., 96 ff., 106 ff.; ii., pp. 135 ff.). In his Nouvelles asiatiques (1876), he does, however, acknowledge James Morier’s merits. His “Gambèr-Aly” is a replica of Hajji Baba (q.v.). Most of his heroes and landscapes can be identified from his personal notes and correspondence.
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| =Negotiator=
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| He settled the costly ransom for de Blocqueville, who had been taken captive by the Turcomans (ibid, p. 163). He had problems with some members of Lt. Colonel V. Brongniart’s military mission (1858-67), particularly in settling the case of a certain Captain Rous in a dispute with the Persian government over the delivery of arms (ibid, pp. 165 ff., 186 ff., 203 f; Boissel, 1993, p. 162). He generally disliked eastern Christians, and particularly the Armenian [[Catholic]]s in Isfahan (Hytier, Dépêches, pp. 227 ff., 256 ff.). He took in charge the Italian mission (October 1862). While frequenting minor scholars, he maintained close contacts with such eminent and learned men as Reżāqoli Khan Hedāyat and Lesān-al-Molk Sepehr and kept up a constant flow of reports on the political situation within Persia as well as on the external relations with her neighbors.
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| =Racialism=
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| Along with his pessimistic vision of human history and decadence, Gobineau systematized racial ideas widespread among his predecessors and contemporaries. Soon to become fashionable in German intellectual circles, his Theories gave birth to [[Gobinism]], an extrapolation of his views about the superiority of the white race and above all the Aryans. Even Babism, whose tenets were first introduced to the general public in Europe through Gobineau, was also at the outset regarded as a kind of Gobinism. He may be considered as a harbinger of genetics (Poliakov, p. 244), but it must also be pointed out that his followers misleadingly promoted him as the father of modern political [[racism]], although he was not a [[Pan-Germanist]], an [[Anti-Semite]], or a [[nationalist]]. He extolled regionalism and the respect for cultural differences. Political racist Theories continued however to be elaborated in his name by such authors as Georges Vacher de Lapouge (1854-1936). Wagner’s son-in-law, Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927), who had a direct influence on Adolf Hitler, disliked Gobineau’s Theories and philosophy (Boissel, 1993, pp. 13, 112). the fiftieth anniversary of Gobineau’s death was officially commemorated at the Sorbonne (Paris, 17 February 1933), and a centennial colloquium was held at the École normale supérieure (Paris, November 1982).
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| =Archives and manuscripts=
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| Fonds Gobineau (texts and correspondence partly edited), Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg, mss. 3477-3569, compiled by Ludwig Schemann and M. de La Tour, from 1894 (also houses a museum containing some of Gobineau’s belongings, including his portrait by M. de la Tour). Bibliothèque nationale de France: Nouvelles acquisitions françaises, mss.13787-89, mss.14393-14406. Bibliothèque de Bordeaux, ms. 1779. University Library, Freiburg im Breisgau (L. Schemann’s Nachlass, archives of The Gobineau-Vereinigung). Ministère des affaires étrangères, Paris (contains a complete inventory of Gobineau’s diplomatic correspondence compiled by M. de Miramon-Fitzjames and M. Amédée Outrey; Persian diplomatic correspondence partly published by Adrienne Doris Hytier). Public Records Office, Kew, U.K., F. O. 60; F. O. 248.
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| =Published works by Gobineau= Gobineau’s main works have been edited with a full critical apparatus under the general editorship of Jean Gaulmier as Œuvres, in the Bibliothèque de la Pléiade series, Paris, 1983-87; the following vols. deal with his works on the Orient: I (in collaboration with Jean Boissel), Essai surl’inégalité des races humaines (first publ. 1853-55; tr. as The Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races …, Philadelphia, 1856, 1978, New York, 1984); II (in collaboration with P. Létésieux and Vincent Monteil), Mémoire sur l’état social de la Perse actuelle (first publ. 1856), Trois ans en Asie (first publ. 1859, tr. as Drei Jahre in Asien, Leipzig, 1925, tr., ʿAbd-al-Reżā Hušang Mahdawi as Safar-nāma-ye Kont do Gobino: se sāl dar Āsiā, Tehran, 1988), Les religions et lesphilosophies dans l’Asie centrale (first publ. 1865); III (in collaboration with Jean Boissel and Marie-Louise Concasty), Nouvelles asiatiques (first publ. 1876, tr. as Asiatische Novellen, Vienna, 1924, partial tr., Moḥammad-ʿAli Jamālzāda, as Jang-e torkamān, Tehran, 1978).
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| OTher works related to racial Theories and Persian culture: Lecture des textes cunéiformes, Paris, 1858. Traité des écritures cunéiformes, 2 vols., Paris, 1864. Histoire des Perses, 2 vols., Paris, 1869 (reprint, Pahlavi commemoration series, 2 vols., Tehran, 1976). Catalogue d’une précieuse collection demanuscrits persans et d’ouvrages recueillis en Perse de M. le Comte de Gobineau [Drouot’s Catalogue, sale 6 May 1884], Paris, 1884.
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| Plate I. Contemporary painting by Ṣaniʿ-al-Molk showing (left to right) Mirzā ʿAbbās Khan, undersecretary of foreign affairs; Lagowski, Russian chargé d’affaires; Comte de Gobineau; Ḥaydar Effendi, Ottoman chargé d’affaires; Mirzā Saʿid Khan, minister of foreign affairs. From the former home of Ḵᵛāja-nuri; after Gobineau, Lettres Persanes, ed. Duff, frontispiece.
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| =Selected published correspondence=
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| Jean Boissel, ed., “Lettres de Gobineau à Jules Mohl et à Madame Mohl,” Revue de littérature comparée 3, 1966, pp. 337-61.
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| Idem, “Lettres inédites de Gobineau à Dorn,” Revue d’ histoire littéraire de la France 4, 1966, pp. 691-700.
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| Marie-Louise Concasty, ed., “Lettres de Gobineau à sa fille Christine,” Études gobiniennes, 1966 [entire vol.].
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| M. Degros, ed., “Correspondance entre Alexis de Tocqueville et Arthur de Gobineau,” in Alexis de Tocqueville, Œuvres complètes IX, Paris, 1959, [entire vol.].
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| A.-B. Duff, ed., Lettrespersanes (1855-57), Paris, 1958.
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| Idem, Correspondance Comte de Gobineau Mère Bénédicte de Gobineau 1872-1882, 2 vols., Paris, 1958.
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| Idem, Lettres à la princesse toquée [his daughter Diane], Paris, 1988.
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| Adrienne-Doris Hytier, ed., Les dépêches diplomatiques du Comte deGobineau en Perse, Paris, 1959.
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| Ludwig Schemann, ed., Briefwechsel Gobineaus mit Adalbert von Keller, Strasbourg, 1911.
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| Clement Serpeille de Gobineau, ed., Correspondance entre le Comte de Gobineau et le Comte Prokesch-Osten, Paris, 1933 (full of errors).
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| For furTher published correspondence, see: Œuvres I, Gaulmier’s introduction, pp. lxxxiv ff.; Boissel, 1993, pp. 342-44.
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| =Studies on Gobineau=
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| For a bibliography on Gobineau to 1941, see: Hector Talvart and Joseph Place, Bibliographie des auteurs modernes de langue française VII, 1941, pp. 181-95.
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| Collected articles on Gobineau in: the review Europe, Paris, 1923; Gobineau et le gobinisme, La Nouvelle Revue Française, February 1, 1934; Revue des études gobiniennes, A.-B. Duff and Jean Gaulmier, eds., 9 fascicles, Paris, 1966-78.
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| Michel Crouzet, ed., Arthur de Gobineau cent ans après: 1882-1982, Paris, 1990.
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| =Secondary literature on Gobineau=
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| *Iraj Afšār, “Maktub-e maḥramāna-ye Bahāʾ-Allāh ba Kont do Gubino, ketāb-ḵāna-ye melli wa dānešgāhi-e Estrāsburg,” Yaḡmā 10/5, 1336 Š./1957, pp. 209-13.
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| *Jean Boissel, Gobineau polémiste, Paris, 1967.
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| *Idem, Victor Courtet (1813-1867), premier théoricien de la hiérarchie des races, Paris, 1972.
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| *Idem, Gobineau, l’Orient et l’Iran I (1816-1860), Paris, 1974 (only one vol. pub., extensive furTher bibliography, pp. 423-53).
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| *Idem, Gobineau: Un Don Quichotte tragique, Paris, 1981.
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| *Idem, Gobineau: Biographie, myThe et réalité, Paris, 1993.
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| *Janine Buenzod, La formation de la pensée de Gobineau, Paris, 1967.
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| *Jean Calmard, “Le mécénat des représentations de ta’ziye: i. Les précurseurs de Nâseroddin châh,” Le monde iranienet l’Islam II, Paris-Geneva, 1974, pp. 73-126; “ii. Les débuts du règne de Nâseroddin Châh,” Le monde iranienet l’Islam IV, Paris, 1976-77, pp. 133-62.
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| *Jean Gaulmier, Spectre de Gobineau, Paris, 1965.
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| *Ḥosayn Kamāli, “Irān dar mokātebāt-e Gobino bā Tukvil,” Irān-šenāsi(Iranshenasi) 9, 1997, pp. 494-514.
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| *Eugen Kretzer, Joseph-Arthur Graf von Gobineau: sein Leben und sein Werk, Leipzig, 1902.
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| *Jacques de Lacretelle, Quatre études sur Gobineau (Renan et Gobineau), Liège, 1927.
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| *Maurice Lange, Le comteArthur de Gobineau: Étude biographique et critique, Strasbourg, 1924.
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| *Vladimir Minorsky, “Gobineau et la Perse,” Europe, 1 October 1923, pp. 99-126.
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| *Marijan Molé, “Un poème persan du comte de Gobineau,” La Nouvelle Clio, 1952/3-4, pp. 116-30.
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| *Naṣiḥ Nāṭeq, Irān az negāh-e Gobino, Tehran, 1364 Š./1985.
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| *Leon Poliakov, Le myThe aryen, Paris, 1971. Ludwig Schemann, Gobineaus Rassenwerk, Stuttgart, 1910.
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| *Idem, Gobineau: eine Biographie, 2 vols., Strasbourg, 1913-16.
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| *Idem, Quellen undUntersuchungen zum Leben Gobineaus I, Strasbourg, 1914; II, Leipzig, 1919.
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| *Ernest Seillière, Le comte de Gobineau et l’aryanisme historique, Paris, 1903.
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| (Jean Calmard)
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| Originally Published: December 15, 2001
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| Last Updated: February 9, 2012
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| =References=
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| {{Reflist}}
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