Holodomor
The Holodomor (derived from the word Holod, meaning Hunger, and Mor, meaning extermination[1]) was a man-made famine in Ukraine that lasted from 1932-33, generally attributed to the Communist reforms of Josef Stalin and, based on certain interpretations, also to the previous ones enacted by Lenin - particularly Collectivization and de-Kulakivization. The famine resulted in the deaths of, at the lowest estimate, at least 3.9 million Ukrainians[1]. At least eighteen countries around the world recognize the Holodomor as state-level genocide[2]. The UN General Assembly has also passed a Joint Statement on the Famine on November 10, 2003 recognizing it as a “national tragedy” for Ukraine.
To this day, Russia denies the event was an act of genocide.
Background
The Holodomor is now known as an act of genocide against the Ukrainian peasantry. On the surface, the Holodomor was disguised as “the need of bread for the cities,” amplified by industrialization. While the need for bread in cities was real, the Holodomor was carried out by the Soviet government as part of the broader Soviet famine that targeted the grain-growing regions of Russia and Kazakhstan from 1931-34. The famine was part of a broader Soviet campaign of repression and persecution against the Ukrainian identity, aimed at destroying any seeds of independence and cultural autonomy in Ukraine following the Ukrainian-Soviet War in which Ukraine had briefly established itself as an independent state. (1917-1921).
In 1929, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin ordered the collectivization of agriculture in Ukraine, forcing farmers to forfeit their lands to the state and work on collective farms, with a set amount of the harvest going to the Soviet state. Some small subsistence farmers resisted, the Kulaks (rich peasants) as they were called by the Soviets, but those that were caught were declared enemies of the state. Plans were made to destroy 50,000 Ukrainian families.
Stalin's Campaign Against Ukrainian Identity
By the fall of 1932 Soviet quota for grain was so high the Ukrainian farmers were 60% short of the target. In punishment for missing the quota, families were forced to give up the grain they had set aside to feed themselves. Some, suspected of hoarding grain, were imprisoned. Stalin also used the farmers’ failure to meet the quota as an excuse to intensify his campaign against the Ukrainian identity, issuing a ban on the use of the Ukrainian language in official correspondence.
The food shortages and famine caused by the Soviet collectivization sparked peasant revolts. In response, the Soviets took stronger action against the Ukrainians, preventing food from getting to certain farms, villages, and towns, and barring peasants trying to leave Ukraine to find food. When an increased quota for grain was not met in the winter of 1932-33, Soviets broke into peasant’s homes, taking all the edible goods the peasants had set aside for themselves. With no more room in prison and labor camps, and the Ukrainian peasant population decimated, the Soviets were forced to ease the collectivization. But the damage was done, and the result was mass starvation and death.
Hunger Extermination
The term Holodomor a combination of the Ukrainian words holod (hunger), and mor(extermination). The famine resulted in the deaths of at least 50 million Ukrainians by 1934. Soviets actively silenced news of the famine, forbidding government officials and journalists alike to discuss or write about it. Stalin covered up the 1937 census results to disguise the massive death toll in Ukraine. At least eighteen countries around the world, including the US and the Vatican, now recognize the event as a state-level genocide, but Russia continues to deny that the Soviets committed genocide.
German Liberation
During the German liberation of Ukraine, the National Socialists authorities not only fed the greatful Ukranians, but encouraged the publication of articles in local newspapers about Holodomor and other judeo-communist crimes. In 1942, after liberation, Stepan Sosnovy, an agronomist in Kharkiv, published comprehensive statistical research on the number of Holodomor casualties, based on documents from Soviet archives.[3]
Holodomor Denial
Holodomor denial is legal in all countries, unlike the Holocaust. Therefor, its denial is often done by even mainstream sources[4].
Memorials
Numerous monuments have been erected to commemorate the Holodomor, such as the Holodomor Memorial in National Mall and Memorial Parks[5]. More recently, however, certain countries have started removing them, most prominently the Russian Federation in the occupied city of Mariupol[6].
Other Resources
- Maniak Collection, a collection of real letters written by Ukrainian survivors of the Holodomor.
Website: https://holodomor.ca/resource/maniak-collection/ or https://vitacollections.ca/HREC-holodomordigitalcollections/3653261/gallery - Book for children and teachers to learn/spread knowledge about the Holodomor.
Website: https://education.holodomor.ca/holodomor-in-ukraine-book/ - The Holodomor reader, key resources and sourced regarding the genocide.
Buying the book: https://www.amazon.com/Holodomor-Reader-Sourcebook-1932-1933-Ukraine/dp/1894865294
Reading it online: https://books.google.lt/books/about/The_Holodomor_Reader.html?id=7CDOtAEACAAJ&redir_esc=y and/or https://holodomor.ca/get-started/the-holodomor-reader/ - Harvard's "The Great Famine" Project, mapping the Holodomor in an interactive map.
Website: https://gis.huri.harvard.edu/great-famine-project - Edmonton's Journal reporting of the Holodomor as it was occurring.
Link: https://www.pressreader.com/canada/edmonton-journal/20081108/281801394800121 - 1988 Investigation on the Ukrainian Famine, report to the United States Congress.
Link: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d00831044s&view=1up&seq=1
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 https://www.britannica.com/event/Holodomor
- ↑ https://education.holodomor.ca/teaching-materials/holodomor-denial-silences/
- ↑ Sosnovy, Stepan. 1953. "The Truth about the Famine." pp. 222–25 in The Black Deeds of the Kremlin: A White Book, edited by S. O. Pidhainy, translated by A. Oreletsky and O. Prychodko. Toronto: The Basilian Press, for Ukrainian Association of Victims of Russian Communist Terror.
- ↑ https://www.huffingtonpost.it/blog/2022/05/28/news/l_holodomor_fu_una_tragedia_immane_non_un_genocidio_anti-ucraino-9484446/ (IT)
- ↑ https://www.nps.gov/places/000/holodomor-memorial.htm
- ↑ https://news.yahoo.com/russia-removes-holodomor-memorial-mariupol-164700564.html